Great Qing

“ The sovereign has the power to convoke, to open and close, to suspend or extend the time of, and to dissolve parliament. (On the dissolution of the parliament, the people shall be called upon to elect new members of parliament. The members of the old parliament shall be classed with the common people. If any of them raises objection, he shall be punished by the appropriate law according to circumstances.) 5. The sovereign has power to appoint and dismiss all officials and to fix their salaries. ”

“ The sovereign has supreme power over the administration of the laws and the appointment of judges, but he shall act in accordance with the im- perially sanctioned laws and shall not alter them by decrees. (Power to administer the law rests with the sovereign. Judges are appointed by the sovereign to act for him in the administration of the laws. Changes shall not be made by imperial decrees and the imperially sanctioned laws must be treated as final in order to avoid confusion, because the interests at stake in judicial cases are important.) ”