by James Madison

“ THAT each branch ought to possess the right of originating acts; THAT the National Legislature ought TO be empowered to enjoy the legislative rights vested in Congress by the Confederation and moreover to legislate in all cases to which the separate States are incompetent, or in which the harmony of the United States may be interrupted by the exercise of individual legislation ”

“ WHEREAS the Confederation produces no security against foreign invasion, Congress not being permitted to prevent war nor to support it by their own authority; Congress can not cause infractions of treaties or of the law of nations to be punished ”

“ THAT the jurisdiction of the inferior tribunals shall be to hear and determine in the first instance, and of the Supreme Tribunal to hear and determine in the dernier resort, all piracies and felonies on the high seas, captures from an enemy ”