“ Philip Augustus established an effective control over the administration of the province by the appointment of a royal bailli. Berry suffered during the Hundred Years’ War, and more severely during the wars of religion in the 16th century. It had been made a duchy in 1360, and its first duke, John [Jean] (1340–1416) , son of the French king John II., encouraged the arts and beautified the province with money wrung from his government of Languedoc. ”