John Weeks Moore

“ Most of these abbreviations are exclusively confined to orchestral and band music ; but every performer and student of music should be made acquainted with them, for they are frequently made use of at the present time, as well in piano-forte music as in the accompaniments to vocal music. ”

“ This mark, -, set against a note, divides it into quavers ; this, =, divides it into semiquavers ; and this, [triple horizontal bars] into demisemiquavers. This mark, -, by itself, implies that the quavers preceding it in the same bar are to be repeated ”