“ After his return to France in 1868, his attacks on the Empire caused his arrest (April, 1869) , and upon his release from a three months' imprisonment he was wounded in a duel with the Bonapartist Paul Granier de Cassagnac (q.v.) . For an attempt at armed resistance on the occasion of the arrest of Henri Rochefort (q.v.) in 1870, he was sentenced to imprisonment for three years. He escaped, however, to England, whence he returned to become a leader of the Communist element during the siege of Paris. ”