“ Even the few writers who still cling to the substantialist view make no use of the assumption in their actual presentation of psychological facts and laws; it is only in their concluding remarks, at the point of transition from psychology proper to metaphysics, that mind, the ‘unit being,’ is introduced. At the same time, it would be entirely erroneous to apply Lange's phrase, without qualification, to mental science. A psychology without some sort of mind would be impossible. The new psychology keeps the term mind, but defines it as the sum-total of an individual's mental experience. ”

“ Secondly, the assumption of a real mind is superfluous. “The substantialist view of the soul,” says James, “is at all events needless for expressing the actual subjective phenomena of consciousness as they appear:” “the substantial soul explains nothing and guarantees nothing.” In so far, then, as this theory of mind is concerned, modern psychology is what Lange, the historian of materialism, named it: a psychology without a mind, a Psychologie ohne Seele. ”

“ Had there been the same emotional temptation to reject minds as there has been to posit them, we may be sure that the arguments ordinarily urged in their favor would have received but scant attention. ”