“ Every meeting of the Chamber of Peers which may be held outside of the time of the session of the Chamber of Deputies is unlawful and of no validity, except the single case in which it is assembled as a court of justice, and then it can exercise only judicial functions. Article 23. The appointment of peers of France belongs to the king. Their number is unlimited: he can at his pleasure alter their dignities, appoint them for life, or make them hereditary. Article 24. Peers have entrance to the chamber at twenty-five years of age, and a deliberative voice only at thirty years. ”

“ Frenchmen have the right to publish and to have printed their opinions, while conforming with the laws. The censorship can never be re-established. Article 8. All property is inviolable, without any exception for that which is called national, the law making no distinction between them. ”

“ All justice emanates from the king: it is administered in his name by judges whom he appoints and whom he invests. Article 49. The judges appointed by the king are irremovable. Article 50. The courts and regular tribunals actually existing are continued; they shall not be anywise changed except by virtue of a law. Article 51. The existing commercial court is retained. Article 52. The justice of the peace, likewise, is retained. Justices of the peace, although appointed by the king, are not irremovable. Article 53. No one can be deprived of the jurisdiction of his natural judges. ”