Religion, broadly defined, encompasses social-cultural systems that link humanity to the supernatural, sacred, or transcendental, though its precise boundaries remain contested. Authors have long examined its multifaceted nature: Rev. James Wood contrasts religion’s unifying, humanitarian essence with theology’s exclusivity, while William James views it as individual encounters with the divine.
Richard Heber Newton highlights devotion to a just God, and Miles Franklin criticizes formalized, impersonal expressions of belief. J. B. Lightfoot emphasizes Christianity’s distinctive blending of the human and divine, whereas Raden Adjeng Kartini challenges whether religion promotes division instead of unity. These diverse viewpoints reveal religion as both a universal search for meaning and a deeply contested, culturally rooted phenomenon.