W.H.R.Rivers

Name: On the apparent size of objects
Author: W.H.R.Rivers

Summary

“On the apparent size of objects”, published in 1896, is a work by W.H.R.Rivers. It explores elements such as fixation, size and accommodation.

Quotes from On the apparent size of objects (W.H.R.Rivers)

W.H.R.Rivers, On the apparent size of objects (1896)

“ The other form which I have called micropsia beyond the fixation point is of more interest psychologically. It is an appearance of the same nature as one which may be observed with the normal eye. If one eye be closed, the other fixed on a near object, and at the same time a distant object observed, the distant object will appear to decrease in size if the fixed object be brought nearer to the eye; when the fixed object is moved away from the eye, the distant object will appear to increase in size. ”

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W.H.R.Rivers, On the apparent size of objects (1896)

“ To myself change of distance is occasionally more obvious than change of size; after fixing a near object and then suddenly releasing accommodation I have seen an apparent approach of the distant object, and this has been especially well marked in cases where I have been attending to the question of size and have not been thinking of change of distance. The question arose whether the apparent change of distance was secondary to change of size as supposed by Förster and Aubert in their explanation of the micropsia of atropin. ”

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W.H.R.Rivers, On the apparent size of objects (1896)

“ So far as localisation relation to the fixation point goes, there is no evidence that the alteration of spatial relations is in any way dependent on accommodation. It is in the localisation of the fixation point itself that this may play a part, and in this connection the atropin experiments present several points of interest. In the normal experiment, the localisation might have as its basis the sensations arising from the peripheral accommodation, and this seems to point to the fact that the localisation of the fixation point depends altogether on central factors. ”

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W.H.R.Rivers, On the apparent size of objects (1896)

“ It is possible that the enlargement at 15 cm, the far limit of distinct vision may have been due to the diminished size of the pupil and diminished irradiation compared with the sound eye, and it is possible that the increase in size on bringing the type nearer was directly due to the increase in the size of the retinal image, the accommodation apparatus and fixation point remaining stationary. The pain produced by any effort to accommodate rendered the observation unsatisfactory, and may also have tended to keep the fixation point beyond the object. ”

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W.H.R.Rivers, On the apparent size of objects (1896)

“ On the other hand as Dixon [3] has pointed out, Hillebrand’s experiments hardly justify him in concluding that movement factors are wholly without influence on the sense of depth.
I have investigated some other phenomena which have been held to prove the influence of movement and especially of accommodation in spatial perception, and I consider one of them in the present paper, viz. the alteration of the apparent size of objects when the accommodation apparatus of the eye is paralysed by atropin. ”

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W.H.R.Rivers, On the apparent size of objects (1896)

“ His three observers did not notice the micropsia till from 30 to 80 minutes after instillation, although the pupil had dilated earlier. I noticed the micropsia after 20 minutes and it was well marked after 25 minutes. Förster also noticed the micropsia especially with strong effort to accommodate and together with lessening or disappearance of blurring, and regarded this as proof of its dependence on the accommodation. He does not appear however to have tried the effect of an artificial small pupil, and he only describes experiments with Jaeger’s type. ”

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W.H.R.Rivers, On the apparent size of objects (1896)

“ D. Phys. Bd. I. S 252. 1852↑ Arch. f. Ophth. Bd. V. Abth. I. S 1 1859↑ Beiträge zur Physiologie, Haft I. S. 18. 1861↑ Ueber den psych. Ursprung d. Raumvorstellung, S. 202. 1873↑ Philosophische Studien, Bd. V. S. 614. ”

W.H.R.Rivers

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