Harry B. Bradford

“ They grow to be eighteen inches or more in diameter, are soft, of good shape, and readily absorb water. The color of the living sponge is black, becoming brownish at the base. The plan of the sponge culturist is to grow sponges in quantities large enough to be of commercial value, and that this may be done economically, they must be grown in water shallow enough to leave them easily accessible, without the aid of diving apparatus, which is expensive to maintain. ”

“ A diver at work under water.
When he has filled his bag with sponges, he gives a signal on the life-line attached to his waist, and is drawn up to the surface. toilet article, we are not aware that it is practically indispensable in many of the arts. Science has offered substitutes for it made of rubber, but nature’s product still remains far superior to anything that man has thus far manufactured. The sponge, as we know it, is merely the fibrous skeleton which supported the soft gelatinous tissue of the living animal. ”

“ A small pump forces the oil by air pressure into the tubes of the stove, where it is vaporized and burned. Cooking by steam was used on steamships and in large establishments for many years before a practical steam cooker was made for the home.
A plantation Negro cooking hoe-cake in her cabin.
The great advantage of these cookers is that nothing can burn in them. Food so cooked retains all its juices, and is made tender and appetizing. The cooking is done under steam pressure, as the doors are tightly closed. ”

“ These are attached to spindles upon a cement triangle, where they have grown from small pieces.
In the cases where the divers do not use the armor, they carry with them a large, flat stone to aid them in their descent, and a string attached to this is held in the hand of an attendant in the boat above. When the bottom is reached, the diver drops the stone, but clings to the rope, by which he signals if help is needed. These divers usually remain under water for not more than two minutes, although experts have stayed under for four and even for five minutes. ”

“ The Hupa Indians of northern California wove water-tight baskets in which they cooked acorn-meal mush by dropping several hot stones into the mixture of water and meal. They also baked on soapstone dishes over glowing wood fires. The Indians who could get fish used to cook them on a “spit” over a fire, or boil them with other food in baskets, as already described.
While many Indians were cooking their food out-of-doors, the Eskimos, who had little or no
A Hupa Indian of Northern California. ”

“ Electric cookers are still more modern, but we have electric toasters, griddles, ovens and ranges of various shapes and sizes, up to large cabinet affairs with heat indicators and clocks by which the cooking may be regulated. The principle used in the cooking apparatus is the same as that used in the car. The current from large wires is fed to smaller wires which offer a sudden resistance, and the heat thus produced soon becomes intense. ”

“ A piece of sponge attached to a cement disk by a spindle.
This is ready for placing on the bottom in shallow sea-water. exceed 150 feet, although they sometimes stay down for two hours. Air is pumped down to them through the air-hose, and keeps their suits puffed out, the oversupply escaping from their rubber wristbands, and rising in bubbles to the surface. To change the air within the head-piece, or helmet, the diver presses his head back against a valve, which allows the air within the helmet to escape and fresh air to enter. ”

“ The “seed” sponges must be transported to the culture grounds with considerable care, by packing them in tubs of wet seaweed kept at a temperature of seventy or eighty degrees. Some have been successfully packed in wet eel-grass and gulfweed. ”

“ The hood is held in place by ropes about a pole. In the foreground is shown a slab for baking cakes, with place for a fire under it. At the back a stone supports a pot holding it above the fire.
concerned, were carried on by the ancient [ [Pueblo Indians|] ] of New Mexico and Arizona. ”