Immanuel Kant

“ What the Science of Right is. The Science of Right has for its object the Principles of all the Laws which it is possible to promulgate by external legislation. Where there is such a legislation, it becomes in actual application to it, a system of positive Right and Law ”

“ The System of Rights may again be regarded in reference to the implied Powers of dealing morally with others as bound by Obligations, that is, as furnishing a legal Title of action in relation to them. Thus viewed, the System is divided into Innate Right and Acquired Right. Innate Right is that Right which belongs to every one by Nature, independent of all juridical acts of experience. ”

“ Honeste vive. 'Live rightly.' Juridical Rectitude, or Honour (Honestas juridica) , consists in maintaining one's own worth as a man in relation to others. This Duty may be rendered by the proposition, 'Do not make thyself a mere Means for the use of others, but be to them likewise an End.' This Duty will be explained in the next Formula as an Obligation arising out of the Right of Humanity in our own Person (Lex justi) . ”

“ For the punishment threatened by the Law could not possibly have greater power than the fear of the loss of life in the case in question. Such a Penal Law would thus fail altogether to exercise its intended effect; for the threat of an Evil which is still uncertain—such as Death by a judicial sentence—could not overcome the fear of an Evil which is certain, as Drowning is in such circumstances. ”

“ There is, also, the natural quality of Justness attributable to a man as naturally of unimpeachable Right (justi) , because he has done no Wrong to any one prior to his own juridical actions. And, further, there is also the innate Right of Common Action on the part of every man so that he may do towards others what does not infringe their Rights or take away anything that is theirs unless they are willing to appropriate it ”

“ Suum cuique tribue. 'Assign to every one what is his own.' This may be rendered, 'Enter, if Wrong cannot be avoided, into a Society with others in which every one may have secured to him what is his own.'—If this Formula were to be simply translated, 'Give every one his own,' it would express an absurdity, for we cannot give any one what he already has. ”

“ This distinction of conceptions so closely allied is not without foundation; because on the occasion of a simple statement of one's thoughts, it is always free for another to take them as he may; and yet the resulting repute that such a one is a man whose word cannot be trusted, comes so close to the opprobrium of directly calling him a Liar, that the boundary-line separating what in such a case belongs to Jurisprudence and what is special to Ethics, can hardly be otherwise drawn. ”

“ As Right in general has for its object only what is external in actions, Strict Right, as that with which nothing ethical is intermingled, requires no other motives of action than those that are merely external ”

“ When one of the partners of a Mercantile Company, formed under the condition of Equal profits, has, however, done more than the other members, and in consequence has also lost more, it is in accordance with Equity that he should demand from the Company more than merely an equal share of advantage with the rest. ”

“ Methodical Division of the Science of Right. The highest Division of the System of Natural Right should not be—as it is frequently put—into ' Natural Right' and ' Social Right,' but into Natural Right and Civil Right. ”

“ For it is not the ' Social state' but the ' Civil state' that is opposed to the 'State of Nature;' for in the 'State of Nature' there may well be Society of some kind, but there is no 'civil' Society, as an Institution securing the Mine and Thine by public laws. ”

“ This question may be said to be about as embarrassing to the Jurist as the well-known question, 'What is Truth?' is to the Logician. It is all the more so, if, on reflection, he strives to avoid tautology in his reply, and recognise the fact that a reference to what holds true merely of the laws of some one country at a particular time, is not a solution of the general problem thus proposed. ”

“ A domestic servant, again, who might be paid his wages due to the end of his year of service in a coinage that became depreciated within that period, so that it would not be of the same value to him as it was when he entered on his engagement, cannot claim by Right to be kept from loss on account of the unequal value of the money if he receives the due amount of it. ”