Lilian Ricco Medeiros; Luciana Bolsoni Lourenço; Denise Cerqueira Rossa-Feres; Albertina Pimentel Lima; Gilda Vasconcellos Andrade; Ariovaldo Antonio Giaretta; Gabriel Toselli Barbosa Tabosa Egito; Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel

“ Because we measured all of the NOR-bearing chromosomes in which the secondary constriction of the NOR could be easily identified, we consider this chromosome to be subtelocentric, but it is most likely the same chromosome that carries the NOR in the karyotype described by Gruber et al. [4] . In addition, by mapping the karyotype fundamental numbers on the phylogenies (Figures 1, 2) , we may consider the karyotype of D. elianeae to be derived from an ancestral karyotype with FN = 50 similar to those found in D. jimi and D. sanborni. ”

“ To address certain uncertainties related to one of the species groups of Dendropsophus, the D. microcephalus group, we carried out a cytogenetic analysis combined with phylogenetic inferences based on mitochondrial sequences, which aimed to aid in the analysis of chromosomal characters. Populations of Dendropsophus nanus, Dendropsophus walfordi, Dendropsophus sanborni, Dendropsophus jimi and Dendropsophus elianeae, ranging from the extreme south to the north of Brazil, were cytogenetically compared. ”

“ One of these concerns the species D. nanus and D. sanborni, which were subject of taxonomic controversy until recently. The 12S rDNA sequences we obtained for D. nanus were very similar to those assigned to this species by Faivovich et al. [1] [GenBank: AY549346] and Wiens et al. [24] [GenBank: AY819373] ; these sequences were clustered together in our phylogenetic analyses within a clade that did not include D. sanborni. The same populations of D. nanus and D. sanborni sampled for our phylogenetic analyses were also karyotyped here, as well as by Medeiros et al. ”

“ ZUEC: Museu de Zoologia “Prof. Adão José Cardoso” (ZUEC) , Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
In the phylogenetic analyses, we included 12S rDNA sequences (available in GenBank) from 30 species of Dendropsophus, as well as sequences from Xenohyla truncata, Pseudis minuta, Scarthyla goinorum and Phyllodytes luteolus, the last of which was used as the root (Table 1) . We avoided the inclusion of short partial sequences (those with less than 50% of the length of the fragment of interest) . ”

“ Otherwise, neither the homeology between the telocentric chromosomes of the above-mentioned species nor the possible rearrangement that might have resulted in the presumed FN increase can be elucidated.
Therefore, neither the cytogenetic data nor the phylogenetic analyses presented here were able to corroborate the geographic variation reported by Napoli and Caramaschi [17] for the species D. elianeae. ”

“ Smith, SA & Reeder, TW, “Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity”, Am Nat 168: 579–596, [ [pmid:17080358 WiensJJGrahamCHMoenDSSmithSAReederTW] ] , DOI 10.1086/507882 ↑ Jungfer, KH ”

“ Blanc, M & Gemmell, NJ, “Underestimation of species richness in Neotropical frogs revealed by mtDNA analyses”, PLoS One 2: e1109, [ [pmid:17971872 FouquetAGillesAVencesMMartyCBlancMGemmellNJ] ] , DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0001109 ↑ Faivovich, J; Garcia, PCA; Ananias, F; Lanari, L; Basso, NG & Wheeler, WC, “A molecular perspective on the phylogeny of the Hyla pulchella species group (Anura, Hylidae) ”, Mol Phylogenet Evol 32: 938–950, [ [pmid:15288068 FaivovichJGarciaPCAAnaniasFLanariLBassoNGWheelerWC] ] , DOI 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.03.008 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Wiens, JJ ”