Mary Whiton Calkins

“ Our theory agrees with animism in holding that the soul is the important thing in religion, but it is the soul or self that is experienced as very efficient that is anthropomorphised to become a god” (p. 403) .
It is evident that manaism thus conceived is no longer sharply opposed to animism, the belief that the soul is “the principle by which all things” are to be “explained.” And the hotly debated question of the relative priority of manaism and animism thus becomes, as Miss Campbell says, “irrelevant”; for mana cannot be prior to the soul when it is part of the soul (p. 224) . ”

“ Campbell means the preanimistic theory “that man first explains things, not in analogy to his own soul, as animism holds, but rather by postulating a great force” (p. 2) . This force is known as mana, Wakanda, or orenda. ”

“ In presenting the compilation of material gathered from reports of primitive peoples, selection has been made of that gathered from parts of the world which have not previously found a large place in the literature of preanimistic discussions. ”