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“ Only the vowel forms that appear at the beginning of a syllable are listed. A syllable is defined as a graph or group of graphs followed by a tsheg ( ་ ) . The forms used for vowels following a consonant can be found in grammars. 5. ”

“ Consonant Clusters with Non-joiner to Disambiguate (see Notes 8 and 9)
Notes
1. Internal capitalization of base consonants is not to be followed. 2. The vowel a is implicit after all consonants in independent form and is supplied in romanization, unless another vowel is indicated by its appropriate sign. 3. The ’a chung ( འ་ ) is represented by an alif ( ʼ ) unless marked with a vowel marker, in which case it is represented by the alif plus the appropriate vowel. When the ʼa chung is written below any letter representing vocalic length, it is romanized according to the vowel table. 4. ”

“ When two full forms of letters are stacked, as in Sanskritized Tibetan, there is no need to indicate the stacking. However, in the two cases noted here a modified letter prime should be inserted between the two consonants for the purpose of disambiguation. 10. ”