Tatui Baba

“ Words are divided into eight classes, that is, parts of speech—Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Postpositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections.
Note—There is nothing in Japanese to answer to the English Articles, definite or indefinite.
Of Nouns.
A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, niwi, garden; Nipon, Japan.
Nouns are either Proper or Common:—
A Proper Noun is the name of any particular person, place, or thing, as Yokohama, Kosi. A Common Noun is a name given in common to everything of the same kind, as tukuye, table. ”

“ The cases are rendered by placing ni, no, and the other particles after pronouns, as in cases of watakusi ga, or wa, I; watakusi ni, me.
Are and arera are seldom used in conversation. Generally the names of persons are repeated, or else demonstrative adjectives and hito or okata (person) are used; as, Kono okata ga ikimasu, This person goes.
2. Interrogative Pronouns are used to ask questions.
There are three kinds of interrogative pronouns—dare, which is applied to persons; nani, which is applied to things, or inferior animals; and dore, which is used when a choice is expressed. ”

“ An Adverb is a word which qualifies a verb, an adjective, or other adverb; as, kono kodomo wa shomotu wo yoku yomimasu, These children read books well.
Adverbs may be divided into the following six classes:—
Adverbs of time—ima, now; hayaku, quickly; sudeni, already; konniti, to-day; miyo-niti, to-morrow; and others. Adverbs of place—sokoni, there; kokoni, here; tikaku, nearly, &c. Adverbs of quality; as, yoku, well; kireini, beautifully; kitaini, wonderfully, &c. Adverbs of quantity—sukosi, little; takusan, much. ”

“ Inflection of Verbs.
Verbs are inflected to express voices, moods, and tenses. There are three kinds of Japanese verbs—first, utu, to strike; second, nageru, to throw; third, suru, to do, or make.
1. Active Voice.
When the verbs are used in conversation, u of the verbs of the first kind is substituted by i, and masu in an affirmative sentence, or masen in a negative sentence is added, as utimasu or utimasen ”

“ XI. When the verbs in the infinitive mood are used as nouns, they require the signs of the case; as, Niti ya watakusi no suwatte-iru koto ga yamai no moto de gozarimasu, My sitting day and night is the cause of my illness. ”

“ XVI. Adjectives for the most part are placed before nouns, but numeral adjectives may be placed after nouns as well as before them; as, hito san nin or san nin no hito, three persons. When numeral adjectives are applied to persons, nin must de added; and when they are placed before nouns, no must be put after nin ”

“ Note—When any question is asked, the sign ka is always put at the end of the sentence. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns serve to point out the object spoken of.
There are two kinds of demonstrative pronouns, namely, kore and sore, which correspond to ‘this’ and ‘that’ in English. They have cases, which are rendered like cases of a noun: they have the same forms both in the plural and singular. Examples: Kore wo ō-torinasare, Take this ”