Conjunction

“ The word as, properly a conjunction, is occasionally used as a relative—the man as rides to market.
This expression is not to be imitated. It ought, however, to be explained. As is a conjunction denoting comparison. The ideas of comparison and equivalence are allied. The relative is ex vi termini the equivalent, in one part of a sentence, to the antecedent in another. ”

“ The Coördinating Conjunction.—The abridgment of propositions has been carried so far that we find the coördinating conjunctions, and, or, but, joining words or phrases just as often as propositions, for example, “The intimacy between man and nature began with the birth of man on the earth, and becomes each century more intelligent and far-reaching.” The first and joins the two nouns man and nature, the second the two predicates whose base-words are the verbs began and becomes, the third the two adjective complements more intelligent and more far-reaching. ”

“ Just as a perfect condition of the body results from the conjunction and composition of its various members, which, though differing in form and purpose, make, by their union and the distribution of each one to its proper place, a combination beautiful to behole, firm in strength, and necessary for use; so, in the commonwealth, there is an almost infinite dissimilarity of men, as parts of the whole. ”

“ All fled but John.—If this mean all fled but John did not fly, the word but is a conjunction, the word John is a nominative case, and the propositions are two in number. If, instead of John, we had a personal pronoun, we should say, all fled but he.
From the fact of the great convertibility of conjunctions it is often necessary to determine whether a word be a conjunction or not. If it be a conjunction, it cannot govern a case. If it govern a case it is no conjunction [359] but a preposition. ”

“ Omission of the Conjunction in Compound Sentences.—Often when the relation between two members is perfectly evident, the connective is omitted. This frequently occurs when the members are in the same line of thought; as, “The place to observe nature is where you are; the walk to take today is the walk you took yesterday.”—Burroughs.
The connective is also omitted to avoid repetition when the sentence contains several members, all sustaining the same relation to one another. ”

“ A superior conjunction is one in which the lesser body is beyond the greater, especially when a planet is beyond the sun. An inferior conjunction is one in which a planet is on our side of the sun. In grammar the term “conjunction” is applied to one of the so-called “parts of speech,” viz. those words which are used to “join together” words, clauses or sentences. Conjunctions are variously classified according to their specific function, e.g. ”

“ The connexion that exists in a perspicuous sentence, is the conjunction of meaning, a further proof of the individual signification of words, and which bearing a definite sense, are selected for the purpose of that composition, which we term the process of thinking. ”

“ The true expression is, that the preposition of followed by an objective case is equivalent in many instances, to the genitive case of the classical languages.
[357]
CHAPTER XXVI. ON CONJUNCTIONS.
§ 503. A conjunction is a part of speech which connects propositions,—the day is bright, is one proposition. The sun shines, is another. The day is bright because the sun shines is a pair of propositions connected by the conjunction, because. ”

“ IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.” LESSON IV, § 39
1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences. LESSON V, § 47
1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences. LESSON VI, § 56
1. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings sweetly; she is very talented; she began to sing very early. ”

“ At the middle of the third conjunction, man and all other beings began to spring up, in the manner that plants and trees are produced in the i, which afterwards preserve their several kinds by their s. At the middle of the eleventh conjunction, all things shall be destroyed, and the world shall fall back again into its primitive chaos, from whence it shall not arise till after the twelfth conjunction is expired. ”

“ A concessive clause may be introduced by the conjunction as, or by a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.
{Whatever you say, | Whichever argument you present, | However much you object,} he will carry his point. Weak as I am, I will make the effort. Gay as the scene was, ’twas but a dreary place for Mr. Esmond. Note. The adverbial use of however is quite distinct from its use as a coördinate conjunction (§ 362) .
402. Concession is sometimes expressed by a subjunctive clause without a conjunction to introduce it (§ 281) .
Be it ever so humble, there’s no place like home. ”

“ Beyond the constant conjunction of similar objects, and the consequent inference from one to the other, we have no notion of any necessity or connexion. ”

“ Conjunction (hardly distinguishable from that immediately preceding — Amphiboly) .
4. Disjunction: where what is affirmed conjunctively is not true disjunctively, or the reverse. (E.g., Five are two and three; but you cannot say, Five are even and odd. The greater is equal and something besides; but you cannot say, The greater is equal.)
5. Accentuation: where the same word differently accentuated has a different meaning.
6. Figura Dictionis: where two words, from being analogous in form, structure, or conjugation, are erroneously supposed to be analogous in meaning also.26 ”

“ The x shows that a conjunction is understood. The line standing for the word modifier is joined to that part of the subject line which represents the entire subject. Turn this diagram about, and the connected horizontal lines will stand for the parts of a compound predicate.
+Oral Analysis+.—-Wives, sisters, and mothers form the compound subject; anxious is a modifier of the compound subject; and connects sisters and mothers.
+Parsing+.—And is a conjunction connecting sisters and mothers; ah is an interjection, expressing a sudden burst of feeling. ”

“ And is a coördinating conjunction. When is a subordinating conjunction. For a list of connectives see 36.
14. Do not use coördination when subordination will secure a more clear and emphatic unit of thought. Especially do not coördinate a main idea with an explanatory detail. The speech of children connects all ideas, important and unimportant, with and. Discriminating writers place minor ideas in subordinate clauses, consign still less important ideas to participial or prepositional phrases, and omit trivial details altogether. ”

“ What do you understand by a compound subject?
Illustrate. What do you understand by a compound predicate? Illustrate.
LESSON 36. CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. The words and and or, used in the preceding Lesson to connect the nouns and the verbs, belong to a class of words called +Conjunctions+.
Conjunctions may also connect words used as modifiers; as,
A daring but foolish feat was performed.
They may connect phrases; as,
We shall go to Saratoga and to Niagara.
They may connect clauses, that is, expressions that, standing alone, would be sentences; as,
He must increase, but I must decrease. ”

“ In short, the terms on which devolved the expression of relations are of late formation, as it were, organs de luxe. In the analytical languages, prepositions and conjunctions are nouns or pronouns diverted from their primitive acceptation, which have acquired a value expressive of transition, condition, subordination, co-ordination, and the rest. The psychological notion common to the greater number, if not to all, is that of a movement. “All relations expressed by prepositions can be referred to repose, and to movement in space and time, i. ”

“ Even if they have nothing in common but what is common to all things, that they are members of the universe, we call that a relation, and denominate them fellow-creatures, fellow-beings, or fellow-denizens of the universe. ”

“ The relation also that things have to one another in their places and distances is very obvious to observe ; as above, below, a mile distant from Charing-cross, in England, and in London. But as in duration, so in extension and bulk, there are some ideas that are relative which we signify by names that are thought positive ; as great and little are truly relations. ”

“ The only mode of union that is not contradictory is the union of close succession in time; or of position in a continued thread of conscious life. We are entitled to say that the same being is, by alternate fits, object and subject, under extended and under unextended consciousness ”

“ I am offering you, dear friend, that which is vastly higher than the union of the merely animal, which is based wholly upon the purely physical and material attraction. I am proposing marriage of our souls—a union, if you please, of our higher intellectual and spiritual selves. ”

“ But in actual life it is oftener the latter that is prominent in our relations with our fellow-men. We—the category of co-operation—is at least as fundamental in all human thought and language as I and thou, the categories of mutual exclusion. That you and I are mutually complementary factors in a wider whole of common interests, is at least as early a discovery of mankind as that our private interests and standpoints collide. ”

“ When we say that there are relations of more than two terms, we mean that there are single facts consisting of a single relation and more than two things. I do not mean that one relation of two terms may hold between A and B, and also between A and C, as, for example, a man is the son of his father and also the son of his mother. ”

“ Let me take another case, in which the cord of association is not so inconceivably slender, namely, when two or more persons standing in a close relation to one another are mistakenly treated a little too much as if mutually independent, the objection is heard that it matters not whether it is A or B, that it is, in fact, all the same, as they belong to the same concern. ”

“ I thought also that the idea which was expressed in some of the groups, of the human beings clinging together, and their sense of mutual relationship, was true and beautiful. There are very few single figures; they ascend or are hurled down in groups of two or more persons; they lift up each other, or they mutually drag each other down. ”

“ This union originates either merely relative to the subject, and is accidental and subjective, or is absolute, and is necessary or objective. The union of representations in one consciousness is judgment. ”

“ All relations terminate in simple ideas. First, That it is evident, that all relation terminates in, and is ultimately founded on, those simple ideas we have got from sensation or reflection : so that all we have in our thoughts ourselves, (if we think of anything, or have any meaning) , or would signify to others, when we use words standing for relations, is nothing but some simple ideas, or collections of simple ideas, compared one with another. ”

“ Every sentence wherein a relative occurs, is complex, i.e., it consists of two propositions—the man who rides is come= (1) the man is come; (2) who rides. Here the relative who has no meaning in itself, but takes a meaning from the noun of the preceding clause.
2. The relative is the demonstrative or personal pronoun under another form.—The two propositions (1) the man is come; (2) who rides= (1) the man is come ”

“ In successive associations the same processes are at work: if to the given idea or perception like ideas attach themselves, we call the result association by similarity; if the objective connections alone are observed, we call it association by contiguity. The simplest case of assimilation is the cognition of an object; recognition of an object is the simplest case of successive association: into each of these as well as into the more complicated forms, both processes of association enter. ”

“ UNION.—Spiritual union of two married partners is the actual adjunction of the soul and mind of the one to the soul and mind of the other, 321. Conjugial love is the union of souls, 179, 480, 482. Union between two married partners in heaven is like that of the two tents in the breast, which are called the heart and the lungs, 75.
UNITY, the, of souls between two married partners in heaven is seen in their faces; the life of the husband is in the wife, and the life of the wife is in the husband—they are two bodies but one soul, 75. ”

“ Amongst the effects of this union or association of ideas, there are none more remarkable, than those complex ideas, which are the common subjects of our thoughts and reasoning, and generally arise from some principle of union among our simple ideas. ”

“ But thought, nevertheless, can desire them, because its content has them already in an incomplete form. And in desire for the completion of what one has there is no contradiction. Here is the solution of our difficulty.
The relational form is a compromise on which thought stands, and which it developes. It is an attempt to unite differences which have broken out of the felt totality. [9] Differences forced together by an underlying identity, and a compromise between the plurality and the unity—this is the essence of relation. ”

“ Relations imply a unity in which they subsist, and apart from which they have no meaning or existence. (c) Every kind of diversity, both terms and relations alike are adjectives of one reality, which exists in them and without which they are nothing. ”

“ And the first step in creating the logic which is to perform this service is the recognition of the reality of relations.
Relations which have two terms are only one kind of relations. A relation may have three terms, or four, or any number. Relations of two terms, being the simplest, have received more attention than the others, and have generally been alone considered by philosophers, both those who accepted and those who denied the reality of relations. But other relations have their importance, and are indispensable in the solution of certain problems. ”