by John Marshall Harlan

“ The underlying question in this case is whether, within the meaning of the constitution and of the statutes determining the jurisdiction of the circuit courts of the United States, and regulating the removal of causes from state courts, a corporation created by the laws of a foreign state may, for the purposes of suing and being sued in the courts of the Union, be treated as a 'citizen' or 'subject' of such foreign state. ”

“ It is not always necessary that the citizenship of the parties be set out in the petition for removal. The requirements of the law are met if the citizenship of the parties to the controversy sought to be removed is shown, affirmatively, by the record of the case. Ry. Co. v. Ramsey, 22 Wall. 322; Robertson v. Cease, 97 U.S. 648.
The only remaining question which need be considered is whether the jurisdiction of the state court was, in any form, restored, after the company filed its petition and bond for removal. ”

“ Baltimore & O. R. Co. 16 How. 314; Covington Drawbridge Co. v. Shepherd, 20 How. 232; Ins. Co. v. Ritchie, 5 Wall. 542; Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall. 178; Railroad Co. v. Harris, 12 Wall. 82.
To the rule, thus established by numerous decisions, the court adheres. ”