H. Wilberforce Clarke

“ When a consonant is accompanied by one of the three vowels, fatḥa, kasra, or ẓamma, it is said to be مُتَحَرِّك mutaḥarrik, or moveable.
⁠In Persian and Arabic, the first letter of a word is always accompanied, or moveable, by a vowel.When, in the middle or at the end of a word, a consonant is not accompanied by a vowel, it is said to be ساکن sākin, quiescent, or inert. Thus in the word مَرْدُم mardum, the م is moveable by fatḥa; the ر is inert, having no vowel ; د is moveable by ẓamma, and, finally, the م is inert. ”

“ Thus, on page 126 of the Vocabulary, against the word "robbed," it is to be understood that the expressions " duzd burda ;" " dast-burd-i-duzd gardīda;" "ba sirḳat rafta;" "duzdīda shuda," may each be substituted for the expression " ba duzdī rafta," in the sentence. ”

“ The student is not afforded the opportunity of contrasting idiom with idiom, word with word ; nor of exercising his powers of observation.
The Persian Manual now offered to the public contains: -
This number 28.57 represents the actual number of English sentences rendered into Persian ; but almost every sentence is expressed in several ways. The actual number of Persian sentences probably amounts, at least, to , all methodically arranged. A bald list of words is of little use ; the student requires to know how to use them. ”