Jonathan Rigg

“ Chulaméga, the dregs of Cocoa nut pulp from which oil has been expressed or boiled out. (Megha, is a cloud, originally making water!?)
Chulan, Aglaia odorata, name of a shrub with bunches of small flower buds, which are laid amongst clothes. The plant is orginally Chinese who call it Chiulan, and is mixed with tea.
Chulanggok, lifting and darting forward the head, as a snake, bird or animal about to bite or start off.
Chulik, a fabulous or fancied animal or bird heard at night time in trees, and thought to forbode evil. It is no doubt some night- bird which has a sharp shrill cry. ”

“ Whenever a scoundrel sets up in opposition to Government authority, or makes a rebellion, he always hopes to delude the simple native, and for that purpose pretends to be Wěduk or invulnerable, or that no weapon can cut him nor shot wound him, in which he easily succeeds and gets a concourse of people after him. ”

“ Liar, to go abroad, to stroll out. To stroll carelessly about. To come out to feed as a wild animal.
Liat, tough, tenacious. Daging kĕbo liat, tough buffaloe flesh. Kayu liat, tough wood.
Liat is not always so much tough, that is hard, as resisting any attempt to cut or tear it asunder; a cutting instrument only makes small effect upon it.
Lichik, skulking from work, evading obligations.
Lidig, well beaten down by people passing over; trampled down.
Ligar, roomy, having space.
Ligar kawung, the spatha or flower case of the Kawung palm expanded. ”

“ Rajěg, standing upright. Standing in a row, as a crowd of men. Jélěma na gěus rojěg bai, plenty of people are present standing waiting.
Rajěg Wěsi, name of an ancient place in Java, the site of which has not been determined, meaning Iron fence.
Rajěki, profit, prosperity, good luck. No doubt the Arabic word Rězěki, which both Marsden and Crawfurd give as—victuals, food, subsistance. Crawfurd, however, has also Răzăk, Arabic, riches, good fortune. Nimu rějěki, to have a fall of lack. ”

“ Any wood set fast and projecting, as drift wood in a river.
Tunggal, alone, separate, distinct. Independent of any other. Séngyang Tunggal, the independent, the only divinity, - which conveys the nearest approach to the unity of the godhead, as understood by the ancient and pagan Javanese, only we know that they had the whole Hindu tribe of gods in reverence at the same moment, and thus that Séngyang Tunggal, though independent of the other gods, and in many respects the chief divinity, did not prevent the other deities being active, each in his own peculiar sphere. ”

“ On Java and Bali there existed an adoration of serpents (Vasuki) and the Bujangga's appear originally to have been worshippers of reformer of Indian absurdities. Every body knows Buddha is not the name but the title acquired by the son of Cuddhodana, But Budha is one of the till now rather mysterious persons of unrcformed Hindu Mythology, whose coming into existence depends upon the decision at what time the week of seven days first was invented, or when the next planets became known to the Indians. Budha appears at the head of the lunar race of Kings of India. ”

“ The combination of letters ng is to be sounded as in sing, ringing, longing in English, and zang, bang, tang, boring, hangen in Dutch. A great many words in Sunda begin with this ng, the pronunciation of which to a beginner is rather difficult and perhaps can only be overcome by a little practice from hearing the natives pronounce it. Thus in ngang'ah to gape, the apostrope after the second ng' shows that the word must be prounced ngang-ah, and not ngan-gah. The ng being in reality one letter sound, for which no European language perhaps possesses an appropriate letter. ”

“ Arabic, MARSDEN 207, obligatory observances (by divine institution) .
Pėréng, name of a ficus variety with multitudinous small seeds all over the stem, Picus Ribes.
Pěrés, to squeeze out water from a cloth, to wring out. To milk a cow. The word sounds like the English press in press out. In Malay it is Pruh, with same meaning as the Sunda Pěrés. See MARSDEN p. 221.
Pěrěték, steep and rugged; said of a road or way which is very bad and almost impassable from its steepness.
Péri, Persian, a fairy; a class of supernatural beings residing upon earth but invisible, whose nature is beneficent. ”

“ Friederich explains the word Marapati for dove as the „Lord of Death” in reference to the custom still in use on Bali of letting fly a dove from the head of the widow at the moment she plunges into the gulf of fire, and explains that on Bali this bird is called Titiran, wich is the same as the Perkutut of Batavia and of the Sunda districts, and thus not the common domestic dove. Whatever may now be the case as to the bird so let loose, there can, from what has been said above, exist no doubt that that bird was originally the common domestic dove. ”

“ Over these five days Hindu deities preside, viz Mahiswara or Siva—Bisnu or Vishnu—Barahama or Brahma—Asri or Sri who is the goddess Lakshmi—and Kala who is also Yama, the Regent of death. All sorts of rebels to constituted authority generally have, or pretend to be provided with a Pancha-lima, with which they dupe their followers. Pancha is Sanscrit for five, C, 347 and Lima is also five in Malay, Sunda, and many other Polynesian tongues and the compound word seems therefore to be tautology, of which the uninitiated are not conscious. ”

“ The only word to be brought forward in favour of Marsden and Crawfurd is Kuda, derived by Humboldt and others from Scr. ghota. But even this derivation is no more than a conjecture. The name self dragon's tail is not an auspicions one, why should it have been given to such a fine, celebrated country? Kaduwa might be Khadga, on Java however such an alteration seems not to be admissible. We might find perhaps the Etymon of the word in any of the Polynesian languages. The writing كدو (Kĕdu) in Marsdens Malay dictionary leaves it uncertain if the e be long or short. ”

“ Chégér, a bit of young jungle cut down and planted with paddy; a small humah made in young forest. A small paddy plantation in addition to some greater piece of cultivation.
Chéhchéran, to drop out grain by grain, like rice out of a torn bag.
Chékchok, chattering, much petty talk; grumbling and snappish at each other in conversation
Chěkék, to throttle a man or animal; to size by the collar or neck; to kill by tightening anything about the neck. Figuratively to oppress, to deal hardly with. ”

“ We must, however, except the Rejangs of Sumatra, who use Do for one, but again these same people have Duy for two, and the rest of their numerals are closely allied to those of the Malays. How these people of the Archipelago came by these Sanscrit words to express One and Two is very perplexing, as though they are Sanscrit, or can be traced to an intelligible Sanscrit origin, they are not the usual words in that language for One, which is either Ek or Eka,—which is also the case in Singhalese, as well as in the Kawi and Pali of Java, which had their origin from the continent of India. ”

“ Sumatra, the island so called by Europeans. The island is not so known by any natives, either on the island itself or on Java, and yet Europeans appear to have learnt that name from natives, when they first visited the East. Natives do not appear to have any general name, now adays at least, for the whole country, but designate its various parts, as Lampung, Bangkahulu, Aché &c. &c. The natives of India called it of old Jawa, as well as the island which we call Java. At Singapore, to this day, they call the wind blowing from Sumatra, angin Jawa. ”

“ The Sunda people have a well known tradition that a time existed when their ancestors were not acquainted with paddy, but lived on Jégéng. Paddy is either grown on irrigated lands and hence called Paré sawah, or on uplands dependent upon rain and called Paré humah or Paré pasir. It may be useful to subjoin a list of the varieties known at Jasinga, distinguishing the sawah from the humah, giving the colour of the rice and noting whether the ears bear awns or beards or not. ”

“ Dalem is no doubt the same as Malay Dalam, within as in the estimation of natives, inner arrangements or a withdrawal from public view is considered consistent with a great man's dignity.
Dalěm, as dalem, individually, distributively , within the compass of. Didalem sa orang kabagian sapatong séwang individually each man got a little bit. Didalem is also Malay, and in that language implies, in, within, as well as the meaning attached to it in Sunda, The Sunda people retain the word only in a sort of metaphorical sense, as given above, and use di jero for in, within. ”

“ Tangtang, to challenge, to provoke to fight, to defy, to call out. Musuh di tangtang, or Nangtangan musuh, to challenge the enemy.
Tangtang ang'in, the challenger of the wind, — rice boiled to a soft consistence, and then tied up in bambu leaves to carry on a journey. ”

“ In Roorda van Eysinga's dictionary of the Javanese language we find „Kalang, name of a people on Java, who formerly wandered about, but who are now chiefly fixed at Kali Wungu, Demak and Kěndal, and who have partly retained their peculiar customs." The word Balang, both in Javanese and Sunda, is to throw or fling, and Ka-balang, or by contraction perhaps Kalang, would mean flung out, and thus an outcast In Sunda also the word Alang-alangan means to wander about at random, and from this we may have Ka-alang. ”

“ The initial consonants of many words often vary rather arbitiarily for the sake apparently of what appears to be euphony to native ears, thus
when a word cannot be found in the dictionary with one form of initial, an attempt must be made to quess at its cognate affinily, and sought elsewhere, as to have always given the words with their varying shapes would only have unjustifiably tended to swell the size of the dictionary.
An extensive class of words exists in the Sunda, which I have distinguished by the name of idiomatic expressions. ”