John Woldemar Cowan

“ Note that although the first letter of an English sentence is capitalized, the cmavo “.i” is never capitalized. In writing, it is appropriate to place extra space before “.i” to make it stand out better for the reader. In some styles of Lojban writing, every “.i” is placed at the beginning of a line, possibly leaving space at the end of the previous line.
An “.i” cmavo may or may not be used when the speaker of the following sentence is different from the speaker of the preceding sentence, depending on whether the sentences are felt to be connected or not. ”

“ In Example 13.5, the first “fy” is taken to be the delimiting word. The next word must be different from the delimiting word, and “gy.”, the Lojban name for the letter “g”, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of “si” erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more “si” cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. Similarly, a stray “lo'u” quotation mark must be erased with “fy. le'u si si si”, by completing the quotation and then erasing it all with three “si” cmavo. ”

“ In this situation, “ni'oni'o” implicitly cancels the definitions of all pro-sumti of selma'o KOhA as well as pro-bridi of selma'o GOhA. (Explicit cancelling is expressed by the cmavo “da'o” of selma'o DAhO, which has the free grammar of an indicator – it can appear almost anywhere.) The use of “ni'oni'o” does not affect indicators (of selma'o UI) or tense references, but “ni'oni'oni'o”, indicating a drastic change of topic, would serve to reset both indicators and tenses. ”

“ This restriction allows the terminator cmavo “se'u” to almost always be elided.
Since a discursive utterance is working at a “higher” level of abstraction than a non-discursive utterance, a non-discursive utterance cannot refer to a discursive utterance. Specifically, the various back-counting, reciprocal, and reflexive constructs in selma'o KOhA ignore the utterances at “higher” metalinguistic levels in determining their referent. It is possible, and sometimes necessary, to refer to lower metalinguistic levels. For example, the English “he said” in a conversation is metalinguistic. ”

“ This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see Chapter 16) , but an example would be:
4.7) roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da For-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X. Every person has a father. The string of sumti before “zo'u” (called the “prenex”: see Chapter 16) may contain both a topic and bound variables:
4.8) loi patfu roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da For-the-mass-of fathers for-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X. As for fathers, every person has one. ”

“ Here, only the “blanu zdani” portion of the three-part tanru “blanu zdani ponse” is marked as a belief of the speaker. Naturally, the attitudinal scope markers do not affect the rules for interpreting multi-part tanru: “blanu zdani” groups first because tanru group from left to right unless overridden with “ke” or “bo”.
Other attitudinals of more local scope can appear after attitudinals marked by FUhE; these attitudinals are added to the globally active attitudinals rather than superseding them. ”

“ The cmavo “zoi” (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is “zoi X. text .X”, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:
10.2) zoi gy. John is a man .gy. cu glico jufra “John is a man” is an English sentence. where “gy” stands for “glico”. ”

“ Subscripts on lerfu words are used in the standard mathematical way to extend the number of variables:
6.9) li xy.boixipa du li xy.boixire su'i xy.boixici The-number x-sub-1 equals the-number x-sub-2 plus x-sub-3 x1 = x2 + x3 and can be used to extend the number of pro-sumti as well, since lerfu strings outside mathematical contexts are grammatically and semantically equivalent to pro-sumti of the ko'a-series. (In Example 6.9, note the required terminator “boi” after each “xy.” cmavo; this terminator allows the subscript to be attached without ambiguity.) ”

“ When marked with “sei”, a metalinguistic utterance can be embedded in another utterance as a discursive. In this way, discursives which do not have cmavo assigned in selma'o UI can be expressed:
12.3) la frank. prami sei la frank. gleki la djein. Frank loves (Frank is happy) Jane. Using the happiness attitudinal, “.ui”, would imply that the speaker was happy. Instead, the speaker attributes happiness to Frank. It would probably be safe to elide the one who is happy, and say:
12.4) la frank. prami sei gleki la djein. Frank loves (he is happy) Jane. ”

“ I see the blue thing, which I believe to be a house. 8.3) mi viska le .ia blanu zdani [ku] I see the [belief] blue house I see what I believe to be a blue house. 8.4) mi viska le blanu zdani ku .ia I see (the blue house) [belief] I see what I believe to be a blue house. ”

“ Note the topic-comment formulation (Section 4) and the indicator applying to the selbri only (Section 8) . Neither “viska le” nor “viska lo” is a valid Lojban utterance, and both require “lo'u” quotation.
Additionally, pro-sumti or pro-bridi in the quoting sentence can refer to words appearing in the quoted sentence when “lu ... li'u” is used, but not when “lo'u ... le'u” is used:
9.4) la tcarlis. cusku lu le ninmu cu morsi li'u .iku'i ri jmive Charlie says [quote] the woman is-dead [unquote] . However, the-last-mentioned is-alive. Charlie says “The woman is dead”, but she is alive. ”