“ Quere, Whether this Observation may not give light to that Opinion, which holds, that the Ascending of the Sap depends upon the Pressure or Pulsion of Heat, striking the Earth, and thereby driving the moisture of the Earth into the Root?
To the 12th. The same. Trees afford no juice at all (that has been observ'd) in Autumne.
To the 13th. The same. Rain being fearce, the juice will be fearcer. Plenty of Rain can onely give such plenty of Sap, as the pores will admit. ”

“ Onely the Ashe, (of all that I could try) will grow on, and prosper notwithstanding the incision. My Brother (T. B.) shew'd me some old and huge Ashes, which were bared of the Bark by the Deer, from the root 4 feet upwards quite round; yet they had continued their growth many years, and some parts of the Bark, which were left in few places not so broad as the palm of my hand, had a fresh verdure more lively then the parts of the Bark which remain'd above the baring. ”

“ And the Congeniality of the Sun in his alternative visits, and the assiduous intercourse of the free Air, with the Spirit of the Plant yet living and growing, may have a more effectual influence for a Specific vertue, than we are apt to imagine, Though we cannot see nor hear the Lungs of Vegetables beating, yet we may sometimes smell their Breath strong enough, both to please and offend exceedingly; as in Savin, Firrs, Cypress, Elder, Rosemary, Mirtles, and generally in all Blossomers. And some that cannot be smelt by us, may yet have a very wholsome breath. ”

“ Through these, looking full of Circular Pores, the Sap seems to ascend in the same manner between coat and coat, as between the Birk and the Body; and probably between the two outermost of these Coats, as large a quantity of Sap, as between the Bark and Body. Now the Ascent of Sap is by all parts and pores of the Tree, in such small quantities, as can hardly be discerned, unless the Tree be quite saw'd off, especially near the Root; for then it will appear, how it ascends. In Birches, and such like, the Sap issues very plentifully in all parts of the body, when they are cut down near the Root. ”

“ Yet if some Incisions by hackings be made, or if the Branches of some Fruit-trees (especially the Gennet-moyle) be quite bared under a knot near the body of the Tree, and that knot and bare part be well cover'd with loame or good mould in June, that branch will not onely survive, but will be apt to take root and become a young Tree of speedy growth, if cut off below the baring, and set at a fit depth at the end of Autumn, or about Candlemas rather. Where such transverse hackings are made, or Contusions in the Bark, many Vegetables are apt to gather knobs ”

“ That, if any Plain Surface have allocation about its Axis in any Situation whatsoever, and at any distance whatsoever, or none, it produceth a Round Solid equal to an Upright Solid, whole Base is the begetting Figure, and Height is equal to the Circumference described by its Center of Gravity. ”

“ T. is of opinion, that Sap alwayes rises, and never properly descends, having onely a kind of subsiding or recidivation, which he saith he cannot call a Circulation, nor resemble to the motion of Liquors in Pellican; but rather to the sinking of Liquors in an Alembec, whilst the thinner parts are forced over the helm; yet somewhat imitating the motion of Blood in Animals, forasmuch as it continually supplies the want and expence of Sap in the exterior parts, from the slock of the sap in the Trunk, root, and branches. ”

“ The Experiments themselves, whereby the Worthy Doctor maketh this out, we must refer to another opportunity; as also his considerable Discourse already in our hands, giving Instances to shew, That there is a peculiar Correspondence, not onely between the Seed and the Pith, Heart or Timber of Plant; but also betmeen the Bark or Sap in the Bark, and the Pulp of the Fruit, or some encompassing Coat or Husk, or Cod, which contains the Seed. ”

“ Thirdly, He measureth the Mundane Bodies, as the Surface of the whole Earth; where he is pleased to conclude, that at the Day of Judgement, a less portion of it then England, will serve to hold all its Inhabitants, and their Infants, that ever have been, or in likelihood may be hereafter, till then, supposing the World should last 10000 years. He measureth also the Solidity of the Earth, and Ocean; the Magnitude of the Sun, Moon, and Earth. The Increase, and Diminution, the Transformation and Comparison of divers Solids, and the Mensuration of divers of their Surfaces. ”

“ And in other Trees that have Pith, as the Willow, &c it may be observ'd, when they are saw'd asunder near the Root, whether any Sap issues or no by the Pith.
The Bark is double outward and inward. The outward is dry, and in some Trees rough. The inner, is probably superadded new Coat of that years growth, or something like it, between the nature of Wood and Bark. The sap rises within and without that super added Coat.
From hence it may be more carefully inquired than hath been hitherto done. 1. Whether the more Circles there be in any Branch, the longer the Sap will ascend into it? 2. ”

“ Let it also be observed, whether the Sap ascends in Oak and Elme, at any time in this month of January; and likewise, which of these three, the Maple, Sally, or Willows, be the most early in yielding of Sap?
And to obtain an Universal and Accurate knowledg of the nature of Sap in Trees, its properties and accidents; Observations and tryals must be made by a Number of men, that have leisure to attend that business daily which are to examine concerning every Tree ”

“ That the Sap, necessary to the growth of the leaves, fruit, and upper branches, being dispensed and converted into the form necessary for those purposes, when the Tree is fullest of Sap, in such manner that the Sap in the innermost Coats feeds the innermost, and the sap of the outward coats the outward parts, of Fruits, &c. ”

“ It were also not amiss to observe, Whether in any Trees, the Sap as to its ascending, keeps time with the Suns entrance into this or that Sign?
To the 11th. The same. The best time of the day for Tapping, is about Noon. In the latter season, when Sap is not very plenteous in Trees, they will neither run morning, not evening, nor probably at any time of the night; but when they are very full of Sap, and emptied but by small vents, the Sap may run night and day, till exhausted ”

“ These Answers were accompanied with divers Curiosities, sent over by the same Generous Person for the Repository of the R. Society; among which were the Pictures of the true Musk-Dear, and of divers Aromatical, and other East-Indian Vegetables, and particularly of the Nutmeg called Thee-ving; because that being put amongst a whole room full of good Nutmegs, though it be but one it will corrupt them all: Besides a very fragrant Oyle drawn out of the bark of a Tree (called Lawang:) and some of the Blood of a Fish, call'd Bedille, esteem'd very excellent against Fluxes of Blood. ”

“ Dr. Tonge, The points or ends of the Roots being cut off, they will in proportion bleed as copiously, as the Branches, and probably more; certainly longer, because there is greater plenty of juice ascended above them, than the Branches, and consequently more will issue by them, than by any part of the Tree, higher then them.
To the 9th. The same. Trees in their full growth, or near it, will probable yield more sap. ”

“ They are esteem'd Sacred by these people, and fortunate to those in whose house and lands they are found; but pernicious to whornsoever doth them harm. I would have sent one, but could get no man that would kill them. ”

“ B, That the branch of a Plant, being laid in the Ground, whilst yet growing on the Tree, and there taking root, being cut off whilst so growing, will grow on both ends if it be well rooted in the Propagation ”

“ The Elme and Oake are referr'd to tryal; concerning which laik some Wood-men affirm, that in such of them as are Windshaken, that have large hollownesses in their Armes and Bodies, they have found great quantity of sap in the cutting of them, whereof having drunk, they quenched their thirst without any prejudice. ”

“ In Prop. 29. he delivers, that the Parabola bears such a proportion to a Circle describ'd about the Base thereof as a Diameter, As the Axis of the Parabola doth to that Circumference of a Circle, whose Radius is equal to the distance of the Center of Gravity of the Semi-Parabola from the Axis.
4. Contains divers endeavors and manifold new ways towards the obtaining the Quadrature of the Circle in 12 Propositions. ”

“ And because it condenseth faster in some parts than in others, according as they be higher or lower, (whether it be by heat or cold, or exhalation of thinner parts) the sap condensed above or below, filling less room, must needs cause the sap, which is not yet condensed, in appearance to descend or subside, and to sink as it were lower and lower in the pores of the Timber and Bark, i.e. ”

“ Tacquet, CYLINDRICA & ANNULARIA nuncupatum; in quo cum incideremus in Schol. prop. 12. l. 1. Authorem carpere Indivisibilia invenimus.
Doluimus vehementer (saith Angeli) Opus tanta eruditione refertum non prius admanus nostras pervenisse; censura autem in ipso conta Indivisibilia pronunciata, parum aut nihil nos turbat: Vetera enim continet & non nis corum modica, & imbecilliora, quæ prius ab ipsp Cavalerio in Præfat. Geometriæ Indivisibilium, & a Guldino in Centro-baryca objiciuntur; quibus satis superque occurrit ipse Cavalerius. ”

“ Utriusque Celeritas, Impetus, & directio, sic colliguntur. Pondus dextrorsum latum, reliquo si quiesceret, inferret Celeritatem , adeoque Impetum , dextrorsum, sibique retineret hanc eandem Celeritatem, adeoque Impetum dextrorsum (per Sect. 9.) Pondusque sinistrorsum latum (simili raione) reliquo si quiesceret, inferret Celeritatem , adeoque Impetum sinistrorsum; sibique retineret hanc eandem Celeritatem, adeoque Impetum sinistrorsum. Cum itaque motus utrinque fiac; Impetus dextrorsum prius lati, jam aggregatus erit ex dextrorsum, & sinistrorsum ”

“ Et si quando motus tum acceleratus vel retardatus fit, tum & per Curvam fiat (ut in Vibrationibus Penduli;) Impetus æstimandus erit, pro singulis punctis, secundum tum gradum accelerationis, cum Obliquitatem ibidem Tangentis.
Atque hæc sunt (quantum Ego judico) Generales Motuum Leges; quæ ad Casus particulares Calculo sunt accommodandæ. Quos tamen, si sigillatim persequi vellem Epistolæ limites transilirem: Neque commode sieri potest seire Schematum apparatu, quibus hic abstinendum putavi. Vale. Oxon. d. 15. Novemb. 1668.
Dr. Christopher Wrens
theory concerning the same Subject ”

“ Tonge were for the rnost part taken out of his Letters to Sir R. Moray, in January, February, March, Aprill, 1666; at which time he had newly made Experiments about Saps; and are now, after conference with him, accommodated to the Queries formerly made publick.
Answers
To some of the Queries which were recommended by Sir R. Moray to Sir Phil. Vernatti, President in Java Major, were left un-answered of these that are found in the History of the R. Society p. 158, &c. 1. The greatest length of time, that Pearl-divers in these parts can hold under water, is about a quarter of an hour ”