active 4th century Eutropius

“ Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and consuming ambition. ”

“ The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 B.C., and the mighty host of the barbarians was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the slave market at Rome. ”

“ Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanicus was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, the brother of Germanicus, the father of Caligula. In early life he had been weak in mind and body, and had been despised or neglected. As emperor he was ruled by his wives and favorites, Narcissus and Pallas. He was poisoned by his last wife, Agrippina, who was anxious that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus by her former husband might succeed to the empire. Suetonius in his ‘Lives of the Caesars’ gives a very dark picture of the reign of Claudius. ”

“ Gallōrum: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army following them met them finally [123] near Telamon, where the decisive battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated. ”

“ Titus Flavius Domitian. Vespasian was aware of his son’s disposition and put no confidence in him. When Vespasian died, Domitian tried to arouse the soldiers against his brother Titus. After his brother became emperor, Domitian was treated with great kindness, and several offices were shared with him. At first mild and just, he soon became suspicious and cruel. In Britain alone were the Roman arms successful during his reign. In all other places defeat and disgraceful compromises with the enemy marked his campaigns. ”

“ When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207 B.C. Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. ”

“ A measure was passed by the senate declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar’s refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalus, and afterwards was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. ”

“ In 60 B.C. he returned to Rome and formed a political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as the ‘First Triumvirate.’ In 59 B.C. he was elected consul, and, after the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards extended for another period of the same length. While governor of the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and Britain. ”

“ He returned to Rome and was made imperator and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his death prevented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that he was aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy was formed, and he was assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44 B.C.
“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for their [145] excellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ”

“ Galba: Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in the reign of Augustus of a patrician family. He was in Spain when Julius Vindex, the proconsular governor of Gaul, rose against Nero. Galba joined him, and Otho, governor of Lusitania, followed his example. He was saluted as emperor by the soldiers, and the senate was forced to ratify their choice. The emperors from this time on were set up and overthrown at the will of the army. He was very parsimonious in his dealings and so lost the good will of the soldiers, who were ready to aid any revolt against him. ”

“ Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and forced Marius to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. “The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the formality of an election he became consul for the seventh time, 86 B.C. But he did not long enjoy his honor. ”

“ Corinthiī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Corinth.
Corinthus, ī, f., a city in the Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth, captured and destroyed by the Romans, 146 B.C.
Coriolānus, ī, m., the surname of Q. Marcius, the conqueror of Corioli, 493 B.C.
Coriolī, ōrum, pl. m., a town of the Volsci in Latium.
Cornēlius, ī, m., the name of a large and important gens at Rome. See Asina, Cinna, Dolābella, Faustus, Fuscus, Galbus, Lentulus, Rūfīnus, Scīpiō, Sulla.
cornū, ūs, n., a horn; trumpet; wing (of an army) . ”

“ P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Hannibalī prīmus occurrit. Commissō
[30] proeliō, fugātīs suīs ipse vulnerātus in castra rediit.
Semprōnius Gracchus et ipse cōnflīgit apud Trebiam amnem.
Is quoque vincitur. Hannibalī multī sē in Ītaliā dēdidērunt.
Inde ad Tusciam veniēns Hannibal Flāminiō cōnsulī occurrit.
Ipsum Flāminium interēmit; Rōmānōrum XXV mīlia
caesa sunt, cēterī diffūgērunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem 5
posteā ā Rōmānīs Q. Fabius Māximus. Is eum differendō [64]
pūgnam ab impetū frēgit, mox inventā occāsiōne vīcit. Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.
10. ”

“ Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. Rome and Carthage, p. ”

“ Cannae: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay dead upon the ground. ”

“ Sinōpē, ēs, f., a city in Paphlagonia, on the Black Sea.
Sipylus, ī, m., a mountain in Lydia.
Sirmium, ī, n., a city in Lower Pannonia.
*sistō, ere, stitī, status, to cause to stand, place, set; stand. con—cōnsistō, ere, stitī, —, to stand, take position (of an army) ; stop, halt; be firm, endure, continue. ex—exsistō, ere, stitī, —, to make come out; appear, arise, project, exist. re—resistō, ere, stitī, —, to oppose, withstand, resist.
situs, a, um [orig. part. of sinō] , adj., placed, situate, lying.
Smyrna, ae, f., one of the most flourishing and important sea-ports of Asia Minor. ”

“ On the accession of Nero, Britannicus was poisoned.
Page 68. Ch. 14.
1. Nerō: Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, was the son of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina. His early youth was spent in study under the philosopher Seneca, who remained his counselor for several years. During the first five years of his reign he was mild and just. The later years were filled with all sorts of excesses, and were marked by great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93; The Early Empire, Ch. V.
9. urbem Rōmam incendit: it is very improbable that Nero was guilty of this crime. Rome was almost destroyed in this conflagration. ”

“ The Samnites were offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable rival of Rome in Italy. In 290 B.C. they were subjected to Rome.
12. Q. Fabiō Māximō: called Rulliānus. This Fabius was five times consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war. ”

“ Orōdēs, is, m., a king of the Parthians, conquered by Pompey.
os, ossis, n., a bone.
Osdroēna, ae, f., Osroēnē, a district in the west of Mesopotamia.
Osdroēnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Osdroēna.
ostendō, see tendō.
ōstiātim, adv., from door to door, from house to house.
ōstium, ī [ōs, mouth] , m., the mouth of a river.
Otācilius, ī, m., (T.) Otācilius Crassus, consul 263 B.C.
Othō, ōnis, m., (M. Salvius) Othō, Roman emperor from January 15 to April 16, 69 A.D.
ōtium, ī, n., leisure; ease, idleness; rest, peace.
ovō, āre, —, —, to exult, rejoice; receive an ovation, triumph. ”

“ Ch. 7.
4. bellum Pūnicum secundum: immediately after the end of the First Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was his intention to make this province the basis of operations against Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, and organized and enlarged it. ”

“ The Introduction gives such a clear and comprehensive outline of the life, character, and philosophy of Socrates that the student cannot fail to see clearly what manner of man he was and why his influence was so decided upon his own time and upon succeeding ages. ”

“ Sardiniēnsēs: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents ($1,500,000) . Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. Rome and Carthage, p. ”

“ Babylōn, ōnis, f., capital city of the Babylonian-Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.
Bacaudae, ārum, pl. m., the name of the revolting peasants in Gaul in the reign of Diocletian.
Balbīnus, ī, m., (D. Caelius) Balbīnus was elected emperor by the Senate, but was slain by the soldiers at Rome, 238 A.D.
barbaria, ae [barbarus] , f., a strange land, a foreign country (opposed to Greece and Italy) .
barbaricus, a, um [barbarus] , adj., foreign, strange; as subst., Barbaricum, ī, n., strange land. ”

“ Scīpiō Āfricānus: although Scipio Africanus was the legatus of his brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a man of no ability.
17. nāvālī proeliō: this battle, [130] fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.”
18. apud Māgnēsiam: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” ”

“ Aquilēia, ae, f., a city in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.
Aquīlius, ī, m., see Flōrus.
Aquītānia, ae, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees.
Arabēs, ūm, pl. m., the inhabitants of Arabia.
Arabia, ae, f., Arabia.
Arabicus, a, um, adj., belonging to or pertaining to Arabia, cognomen of Septimius Severus.
arbitrium, ī [arbiter, judge] , n., judgment; will; power.
*arceō, ēre, uī, —, to inclose; prohibit. con—coërceō, ēre, uī, itus, to shut in; restrain, check. ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus, to exercise, drill. ”

“ Sutrinī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Sutrium, a city in Etruria in Italy.
suus, a, um [suī] , pron. adj., his own, her own, its own, their own; his, her, its, their; as subst., suī, ōrum, pl. m., his (their) friends, followers, soldiers or fellow-citizens.
Symiasera, ae, f., the mother of Heliogabalus.
Syphāx, ācis, m., a king of Numidia.
Syrācūsānī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Syracuse, a Greek city in Sicily.
Syrācūsānus, a, um, adj., belonging to Syracuse; urbs Syrācūsāna, the city of Syracuse.
Syria, ae, f., Syria, a country of Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. ”