Alice Margaret Cooke

“ Probably a few years later Olaf married a daughter of Constantine II of Scotland, and the latter now changed his policv and supported Olaf in his preparation for the impending struggle for the recovery of the Danish kingdom of Deira. This alliance between Constantine and Olaf seems to have been the cause of Æthelstan's raid into Scotland in 934, which probably kept the allies in check for three years.
In 937 the great confederacy of Scots, Britons, and Irish was formed under Olaf Sitricson, Constantine, and Olaf Godfreyson of Dublin. ”

“ VINSAUF, GEOFFREY de (fl. 1200) , poet, called also ‘Anglicus,’ is said to have derived his name, ‘de Vino Salvo,’ from a treatise extant in manuscript at Caius College, Cambridge, on the keeping of the vine and other plants, which was attributed to him (Pits, De Illustr. Angl. Scriptt. p. 262) . ”

“ OLAF Sitricson (d. 981) , known in the sagas as Olaf The Red and Olaf Cuaran (i.e. of the Sandal) , leader of the Ostmen and king of Dublin and Deira, has been frequently confused with Olaf Godfreyson [q.v.] Like the latter, Olaf Sitricson was of the race of the Hy Ivar, and the great-grandson of Ivar Beinlaus, son of Regnar Lodbrok. His father was the Sitric, king of Deira, who married Æthelstan's sister, and died in 927. ”

“ Such an endeavour to stifle the growing agitation against ecclesiastical abuses only stimulated the activity of the agitators. Dr. William Millington [q. v.] , provost of King's College, Cambridge, denounced Pecock's teaching, from St. Paul's Cross, as a national danger (Gascoigne, p. 44) . His enemies in the universities, and especially among the four orders of friars, made a fruitless appeal to Archbishop Stafford, and afterwards to Archbishop John Kemp [q. v.] , to proceed against him. Privately Pecock seems to have modified his statements. ”

“ PECHE, RICHARD (d. 1182) , bishop of Lichfield, was son of Robert Peche, an earlier bishop of the see. Richard is said to have been archdeacon of Chester in 1135, and subsequently archdeacon of Coventry. ”

“ The work clearly illustrates the limits within which Pecock confined his rational speculations. Where reason speaks with perfectly certain voice, that voice is to be obeyed, even in defiance of the church. But the absolute certainties of the reason are few, and, wherever reason hesitates, authority commands allegiance. He never admits that the church, though supposed fallible, can be proved to have actually erred in matters of faith, and ‘if thou canst not prove clearly and indubitably that the church erre ... ”

“ Celto Scand. p. 32) is wrong in saying that Olaf was a Scot by his father's, a Dane by his mother's, side; but he probably had Celtic blood; and Florence of Worcester (i. 132, Engl. Hist. Soc.) calls him 'king of many islands.' Upon the death of Sitric, Æthelstan at once annexed Deira, driving out Olaf, who appears to have been too young at this time to resist effectively. His uncle or cousin, however, Godfrey, king of Dublin, immediately left Ireland, and attempted to secure the succession to the Northumbrian throne. ”

“ Bishop Stubbs thinks that it was from this juxtaposition of the poems with the ‘Itinerarium’ that there arose the mistake which Gale makes of attributing to Vinsauf the authorship of the ‘Itinerarium’ itself (loc. cit. pp. li seq.; cf. art. Richard de Templo, (fl. 1190–1229) ) , Gale, moreover, by a further error, identifies Vinsauf with Walter of Coutances (loc. cit. Præf., but cf. Stubbs, loc. cit. pp. liii seq.) ”

“ The sole function of the scriptures is to reveal supernatural truth which is beyond the reach of unaided human reason. The four remaining parts of the ‘Repressor’ deal with the various lollard positions; but of the eleven points advanced by them which Pecock had proposed to consider, he deals fully only with the first six ”

“ Geoffrey has been frequently confused with other writers, and, owing probably to his widespread, even European, fame, many other works have been either admittedly erroneously, or on insufficient grounds, ascribed to him. ”

“ In the latter part of 1212—perhaps on his northern journey of that year—King John [q. v.] was told that a hermit of Wakefield had prophesied that evil would befall him. Summoning him to his presence, John inquired concerning the prophecy, and was told that by next Ascension day, 23 May 1213, his crown would have been transferred to another (Matt. Paris, Chron. Majora, ii. 535, Rolls Ser.) . John committed the prophet to William of Harcourt to be kept in custody at Corfe until the truth of his words should be proved. ”

“ Forty pounds were assigned to the abbey for his maintenance. He was to be confined to one room, to have no books save a mass-book, psalter, legend, and bible, and no writing materials (Wharton MSS. No. 577, p. 80) . ”

“ Next summer Olaf, who had won over the chiefs of the isles, came to Man to claim once more a portion of his inheritance. Reginald was forced to agree to a compromise by which he retained Man, with the title of king, while Olaf was to have the isles—namely, the Sudreys. ”

“ Ine [q. v.] led an expedition against Kent to avenge the death of his kinsman Mul, but King Wihtred succeeded in appeasing his wrath with a large money fine or wergild. It has been conjectured that the submissive attitude of Kent was due to the defeat of its allies, East-Anglia and Essex. Wihtred's reign was long, peaceful, and prosperous, extending over thirty-four years. ”

“ The archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket [see Thomas] , was then in exile, but returned in the same year, and Peche was among the prelates who were at once suspended from their sees for their share in the coronation of the prince (Rad. de Diceto, i. 340; Annales Monastici, iv. 382; Matt. Paris, Hist. Angl. i. 357; Chron. Majora, ii. 277) . ”

“ O'HENEY, MATTHEW (d. 1206) , Cistercian biographer and archbishop of Cashel, called in Irish Ua Heinni, was a monk of the Cistercian house of Holy Cross in what is now Tipperary. He afterwards became archbishop of Cashel, and was made papal legate for Ireland in 1192 (Ann. Inisfalense, ap. O'Conor, Rer. Hibern. Script. ii. 120) . In the same year he held a great synod in Dublin, at which the Irish magnates attended (ib.) ”

“ Among the former may be mentioned the ‘De Promotionibus et Persecutionibus Galfredi Eboracensis Archiepiscopi’ of Giraldus Cambrensis, and a book on the corruptions of the Church of Rome, ‘De Officialibus Romanæ Curiæ,’ which is known to be of a later date; among the latter, the ‘De Rebus Ethicis.’ In addition to these Pits attributed to Vinsauf a book called the ‘Enchiridion,’ of which a manuscript existed at Caius College, Cambridge (loc. cit. p. 262) . ”

“ Devoting himself to the study of theology and philosophy, Penketh attained to high distinction in both. Of the work of Duns Scotus he was commonly supposed in his time to have a unique knowledge (ib.) In 1469 he was made provincial of his order in England, and in 1473 taught theology at Oxford, of which university he was doctor of divinity (De Script. August. p. 341) . Penketh's fame spread to Italy, and in 1474 he was called to Padua, where he held a salaried post as teacher of theology (ib.; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat. cent. viii. No. xlvii) . ”

“ It was still found necessary at the close of the seventh century to prohibit ‘offering to devils.’ The code also regulates the relations of the lords with the different classes of the unfree, and even condescends to enjoin the use of the horn by strangers when off the highways (ib. pp. 233 seq.) ”

“ The plunder of Kilcullen in Kildare may more probably be ascribed to Olaf Sitricson, and to a later date; but the year of Olaf Godfreyson's return was again marked by the burning of Dublin and the plunder of the Norse territory by King Donnchadh (ib.) Shortly afterwards (in 939) Olaf apparently left Dublin, and, soon after Æthelstan's death in 940, accepted, jointly with Olaf Sitricson, a vaguely recorded invitation from the Northumbrians to 'Olaf of Ireland' to be their king (A.-S. Chron. ii. 89; Flor. Wig. i. 133, Engl. Hist. Soc.; Will. Malm. i. 157, Rolls Ser.; Rog. Hov. i. 55, Rolls Ser.) ”

“ Pecock made a private recantation before an assembly of archbishops, bishops, and doctors (Gascoigne, p. 214) , and again on the 28th, when some temporal lords were present (ib.) His public abjuration of all his alleged errors took place at Paul's Cross on 4 Dec., in the presence of the archbishop of Canterbury and thousands of spectators. Clothed in full episcopal robes, he delivered up fourteen of his books to be burnt (Whethamstede, i. 287; Gascoigne, p. 216) . The populace threatened him with violence, and lampoons upon him circulated freely (Whethamstede, i. 288) . ”

“ During the revolt of Widukind, however, a large part of Saxony fell away from Christianity, and Willehad was again compelled to flee from a persecution in which many of his followers perished (ib. pp. 381–2) . He visited Rome, and spent some years in reading and writing at Epternach and elsewhere, but ultimately returned to his work in Wigmodia. After the submission of Widukind Saxony again received Christianity, and Willehad was consecrated bishop of the diocese (ib. p. 383) , apparently in 787. He made Bremen the seat of the bishopric, and built there St. ”

“ Shortly afterwards, however, and probably owing to danger on the Welsh border, Wiglaf was restored to his throne by Egbert as an under-king of Wessex. He reigned thirteen years (Will. Malm. Gesta Regum, p. 132, Engl. Hist. Soc.) , died in 838 (Flor. Wig. ap. Petrie, l.c. p. 549) , and was buried at Repton (ib. p. 638) . Wiglaf married Cynethryth, and left a son Wigmund (ib.)
Several charters of Wiglaf are extant (Wilkins, Concilia Mag. Brit. et Hibern. i. 176 seq.) ”

“ Petrie, l. c. p. 503) . Wihtgar himself was probably a Jute (Flor. Wig.; also Sym. Dunelm. and Asser, ap. Petrie, l. c. pp. 550, 674, 469) . Green, who with Freeman (Norman Conquest, i. 10 n.) doubts the story of Wihtgar, thinks that Cerdic's conquest of the Isle of Wight was not in his own interest, but in that of his allies, for the new settlers of the island were undoubtedly Jutes (Making of England, p. 90) . Wihtgar ruled honourably (Will. Malm. Gesta Reg. Angl. p. 27, Engl. Hist. Soc.) ”

“ With his kinsman he probably shared the kingship until his death in an obscure fight at Tynningham, near Dunbar, in 941 (A.-S. Chron. ii. 89; Sym. Dunelm. Hist. Reg. ii. 94, Rolls Ser.; Rog. Hov. i. 55; Hen. Hunt. p. 162, Rolls Ser.) ”

“ Angl. Script. pp. 675–6; Fabricius's Bibl. Lat. Med. æt. vi. 726; Chevalier, Répertoire, i. 1754; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 589; Stevens's Ancient Abbeys, ii. 220; Newcourt's Repert. Eccl. Lond. i. ”

“ Reg. ii. 124-6, and Hist. Dunelm. Eccles. i. 176. Roger of Hoveden, i. 54-6, Gaimar, i. 148-9, War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, p. 283, &c. (all in the Rolls Ser.) ; Florence of Worcester (Engl. Hist. Soc.) i. 131-4; Annales Ultonenses, Annales Inisfalenses, and Tighearnach in O'Conor's Rerum Hibern. ”