Archer Butler Hulbert

“ East and West bound by, 207–209; historic points along, 209–210; is Braddock's monument, 212; Forbes intended to march by, 5, 79; Forbes's description of (1758) , 93; Bouquet improves, 95; Washington improves (1758) , 96, 101; Washington compares Pennsylvania Road with, 101–102; Forbes compares Old Glade Road with, 107; Bouquet emphasizes usefulness of, 111; Washington describes conditions of (1758) , 118–123; Forbes urges use of, 144; Forbes urges exploration of, 155–156 ”

“ Washington's private opinion of, 174; Ohio Company of Associates led by, 9, 61–63; Ohio River map by, 71; favors immigrants, 12, 93–94. Pyankeshaw's Hunting Ground, 2, 57. Pyatt's, Jacob, 5, 19.
RACCOON Ford, 4, 194. Radisson, Mississippi discovered by, 7, 182. Rae (Ray) , Forbes states that Raystown was founded by, 5, 92. Rafts of logs on Ohio, 9, 127–129. Ragan's, 11, 127. RAILROADS— In General: Influence of buffaloes on routes of, 1, 79; portage paths as routes of, 7, 81–82; headwaters of Susquehanna reached by, 12, 162; average American farm ten miles distant from, 15, 16 ”

“ Narrative of the Campaign against the Indians, cited, 8, 124, et seq. St. Clair, Sir John: prepares for Braddock's campaign, 4, 54; appointed Forbes's quartermaster, 5, 76; Forbes has little respect for, 76; urges Forbes to change rendezvous, 76; Braddock's defeat a lesson to, 83; Governor Sharpe's influence over, 84; letter to Bouquet, concerning change of route, 84; indecision as to roads, 84; argues in favor of Virginia road, 86, 87, 90; letter to Bouquet opposing Pennsylvania route, 90 ”

“ Dickens hires private coach, 180. Stagg, Doctor, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139. Standing Stone, villages by name of, 2, 29. Starr's, 10, 164. State-aid plan in good roads movement, 15, 50–51; see Good Roads. St. Clair, Arthur: empowered by President Washington (1789) to call out militia, 8, 82; to Secretary of War on hostility of northwestern Indians, 83; calls on militia, 84; directs Harmar's preparations, 85–86; plans campaign of 1791, 116–125; Gen. ”

“ The longest-living author of this work died in 1933, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 90 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works. ”

“ Almost all of the rare originals are without indexes. In the present reprint series, this immense mass of historical data will be made accessible through one exhaustive analytical index, to occupy the concluding volume. ”

“ Ohio toll rates on, 103–104; exemptions from paying toll on, 106–107; comparison of tolls received east and west of Ohio River, 109–113; amount of toll paid in Ohio, 114; Ohio leases, 115; legal width in Ohio, 115; given to counties, 115; tolls in Franklin County, Ohio, in 1899, 117; never self-sustaining, 118 ”

“ Samuel Allen's journey over (1796) , 12, 65–77; described by General Craighill, see Craighill; also Nemacolin's Trail. Burd's: overseers appointed to open, 5, 25; opened for Braddock, 25–34; St. Clair urges Forbes to take, 76–77; Forbes's need of, 79; not completed, 97. Carlisle: to Raystown, itinerary on (1758) , 5, 121–122; to Fort Cumberland, itinerary on (1758) , 122. Catskill Turnpike: Francis Whiting Halsey's sketch of, 12, 143–163; terminus of, 144; early history of, 144–147; laid out to make land accessible and marketable irrespective of grades, 149; tollgates on, 149–150 ”

“ Hutchins, Thomas, map of Ohio and Pennsylvania based on map of, 2, 105; sketch of the Wabash, 8, 35.
ILLINOIS: archæological map of, 1, 55; map of, showing George Rogers Clark's routes, 8, 21. Immigration to northern shore of Ohio: difficulty of restraining, 9, 53; forbidden, 55. Incline planes: on Morris Canal, 13, 193–194; on Allegheny Portage Railway, 193–205. "Indian Queen," 10, 158; 11, 127. Indiana, archæological map of, 1, 55. Indianapolis (Indiana) : Cumberland Road at, 10, 81; taverns at, 164. Indians: dexterous in steering courses in forests, 2, 32, 33; hunting grounds, 45, 46 ”

“ Braddock's route described by, 4, 168–172; Braddock's defeat described by, 171–172; Writings of Washington, cited, 2, 72, et seq.; 14, 124; Life of Gouverneur Morris, cited, 14, 44; quoted, 45. Speed, Col. T. W., Wilderness Road, cited, 2, 73; 6, 16, 123, 178. Spendelow, Lieutenant, discovers new route for Braddock around Wills Mountain, 4, 99. Spofford, A. R., 14, 12. "Spread Eagle," 10, 155. Springs: old-time importance of, 2, 50–51; Indians refuse to inform pioneers of location of, 12, 133. Sprout's, 7, 123. Spurgeon, James, 12, 22. ”

“ Mohawk improvement influenced by, 14, 41. Potter, Colonel, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139. Potter, Isaac B.: quoted on side ditches, 15, 103–104; on under drainage, 106–107; on macadam roads, 142–147, 155. Powell, Ambrose, Kentucky explorer, 6, 50. Powell, A. H., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74. Powell's, 12, 132. Pownall, Thomas: Map of British Middle Colonies, quoted, 2, 33; cited, 71, 97, 108; Map of the Grand Pass from New York to Montreal, cited, 12, 113. Prairie: pioneers easily lost in Illinois, 8, 27–28, 65; description of a Kentucky, 11, 189–193 ”

“ Clair, 172–174; experiences on western trails, 11, 23–24; later route of Northwestern Turnpike explored by, 12, 16–28; plan of forming a continental trade route by uniting the Great Lakes, Ohio and Potomac, 13, 35–52; scheme of communication "from Detroit to Alexandria," 42–43; "avoiding Pennsylvania," 43–44; Detroit to Richmond, 44–45; Detroit to Philadelphia, 45–46; Detroit to Albany, 47; Detroit to Montreal, 48; appointed on Virginia delegation concerning Potomac improvement, 50; confidence in value of Potomac Company stock, 54; to Richard Henry Lee, on Potomac improvement, 54 ”

“ Nations, War trail of, 2, 92. Nemacolin's (Path) : described, 2, 72, 89–91; historically considered, 133–135; explorations on, 134–135; followed by Braddock, 135–136; route of Cumberland Road, 137–138; see Washington's and Braddock's Roads. Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, map of, 2, 105. Old Connecticut (Path) , described, 2, 67, 74, 75. Old Trading: route of, 5, 17–19; Croghan describes, 22; itinerary of John Harris on, 23; road for Braddock opened along, 25–34; see Old Glade Road. ”

“ Fairfax, Lord, humorous letter to Washington, 5, 42. Fairmount (West Virginia) , Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 13, 134. Fallen Timber: common name in West, 8, 182, 214; Wayne wins battle of, 214–216. Falling Springs (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) , 11, 128. Farmers: small per cent of government expenditures directly benefits, 15, 21, 25–28; heavily taxed for visible property, 28–29; accused of short-sightedness, 48; good roads for, 81–169. Farrier, John, 6, 103, 104. Farrington (Illinois) : Clark's camp near, 8, 47 ”

“ De Soto (Illinois) , Clark's route near, 8, 30. Detroit: founded, 3, 54; Pontiac attacks, 5, 171–172; Americans plan to capture, 6, 163–164; strategic commercial position of, in Washington's plan, 13, 39–50. Devol, Captain, builds ships on Muskingum River, 9, 135. De Witt, Moses, 14, 26. De Witt, Simeon: 14, 40; accords Morris honor of originating Erie Canal idea, 45, 52, 58, 150. Dexter, George, editor of Journal of Thomas Wallcutt in 1790, 12, 43–63. Dickens, Charles, American Notes, quoted, 12, 164–196. Dillahunty, Lieut. John N., locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 109, 110. ”

“ Seviers, John, hero of Fort Watauga, 6, 101. Sewickley, Great, Braddock's Road near, 4, 188. Sewickly, 5, 186. Sganzin, on curved roads, 15, 92. "Shades of Death," Braddock's Road in, 4, 184, 195. Shaler, N. S.: Man and Nature in America, 1, 102; Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, 104; Kentucky's debt to Virginia noted by, 6, 41. Shane's Crossing, Harmar crossed St. Mary at, 8, 99, 207; see Rockford, Ohio. Shanoppin's Town, 5, 21. Sharpe, Governor, activity of, 4, 34. Shattuck, Samuel, Narrative, 7, 158–160. ”

“ OAKDALE (Illinois) , Clark's camp near, 8, 44–45 Object-lesson roads, 15, 76–80. O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, cited, 2, 78. Office of Public Road Inquiries: Government establishes, 15, 58–61; laboratory established, 76. O'Hara, James, quartermaster to Wayne, 8, 194. Ohins (guide) , 5, 100. Ohio, by Rufus King, cited, 9, 64. Ohio: archæological map of, 1, 52; first settlement of whites in, 7, 65; first turnpike in, 11, 104; cutting pioneer road in southwestern, 148–150; State aid in, 15, 51. Ohio Company: buildings erected at Wills Creek by, 3, 95 ”

“ Van Rensselaer, Stephen, pioneer Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 52, 145, 150, 180, 213. Vauhn, John, 6, 199. Veech, James, The Monongahela of Old: cited, 3, 173–188; quoted, 10, 14. Venango, Céloron at, 9, 34. Vieau, Andrew J., Sr., quoted, 11, 32. Villiers, "Le Grand:" advances upon Washington, 3, 155; wins battle of Fort Necessity, 159–166. Vincennes (Indiana) : Helm occupies, 8, 32; Hamilton retakes, 33; Clark captures, 60. Virginia: debt of Kentucky to, 6, 41; attempts to hold West by means of Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 39–41; good roads and untilled lands in, 15, 46. ”

“ Brown, William H., letter of Peter Cooper to, 13, 129. Buchanan, Judge, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal injunction granted by, 13, 101. "Buck's," 10, 155. Buckeye Hotel, 10, 163. Buell, Journal, cited, 1, 114. Buffalo: bones not found in mounds, 1, 102; range of, 103; habits of, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108; History of American Bison, 128; migrations of, 129, 130; killed by George Rogers Clark's troops in Illinois, 8, 50; white men follow traces of, 12, 28; see Trace. Buffalo Gap (Illinois) , 8, 23, 27. Buffalo (New York) : Erie Canal celebration at, 14, 138–140 ”

“ Kaskaskia Trace junction, 68. "Turkey Foot," 5, 33, 191. Utica, New York, to Batavia, New York (1805) , 12, 126–140. Vincennes Trace: route of, 8, 34–40; Volney's itinerary on, 66–68; blue grass indicated old camping grounds on, 69. Virginia: routes from Potomac and James rivers to New River, 6, 29; Fort Chissel meeting place of two branches of, 29; Dickens's description of, 12, 166–171. Washington, D. C., to Pittsburg, Hewett's itinerary of, 11, 118. Washington to Baltimore, severe grades on, 15, 88. Washington: on Laurel Hill, view of, 3, frontispiece; meaning of, 15, 16; map of, 93 ”

“ Kentucky: first hunters in, 6, 31–32; debt of Virginia to, 41; derivation of name, 41–42; early stations in, 44; pure English blood in, 45–46; Gist explores, 74–76; early hunters in, 78–80; settlements of 1774 in, 80; Filson's map of, 119; raid of Bird into, 168–169; debt of Old Northwest to, 190; important part in western history, 190–193. Kentucky Gazette, cited, 6, 192. Kentucky Inn, 10, 160. Keppel, August, British American fleet commanded by, 4, 39. Kerr, Joseph, Cumberland Road commissioner, 10, 26. "Key of Keys," location near Washington, D. C., discussed, 4, 78. ”

“ Hays, James, 6, 199. Hazen, Brigadier General, letter to General Irvine, 5, 189. Hazzard, Lieut. R. E., surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109, 110. Headley, Usal, 10, 162. Heckewelder, John: Map of Northeastern Ohio, 1796, 2, 101; on derivation of name Ohio, 9, 17–19. Heighway, Mr.: early pioneer in Ohio, 11, 116; route in Ohio, 146–150. Helm, Captain: occupies Vincennes, 8, 32; captured by Hamilton, 33; Clark mentions, 222. Henderson, Col. Richard: ancestry, 6, 88–89; early life, 89–91; anecdote illustrating self-confidence, 89–91; Transylvania Company formed by, 91–92 ”

“ Maysville turnpike veto affects, 165–174. Road working days, pioneer, described, 11, 101–102; verses on, 104. Roberts, Nathan S., estimates cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 88; report on Erie Canal, 14, 191. Robertson, Chief-justice, immigration to Kentucky described by, 6, 195–197. Robinson, John, 6, 200. Robinson, Moncure, in charge of Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 196. Robinson's, Major, 12, 46. Roche de Bout: Indian convention at, 8, 189; United States Commissioners not allowed to approach, 189; spy reports proceedings at Indian convention at, 190–192. ”

“ Benjamin: Washington's private opinion of, 8, 172–173; appointed to treat with Indians, 184. "Lion and the Eagle," 10, 163. Literature, pioneer, 12, 58, 86, 155. Little Backbone Mountain, first American tunnel planned under, 13, 68. Little Crossings, Braddock at, 4, 110. Little Falls (New York) : Bigelow describes (1805) , 12, 121; old portage, 14, 18–19; early canal, 28–29; Erie Canal at, 132; view of Erie Canal at, 133; see Mohawk River. Little Meadows, Braddock at, 4, 185, 186. "Little Turtle": defeats Harmar, 8, 102–107; defeats St. Clair, 152–156. Lively Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 43. ”

“ Telford roads: preparation of foundation for, 15, 157; cost of building, in New Jersey, 164–165. Train, Southern Railway's good roads, view of, 15, 59. "Good Roads for Farmers," by Hon. M. O. Eldridge, 15, 81–161. Gordon, Captain, 5, 96. Gordon, Capt. John, 6, 129. Gordon, Harry: author of Morris Journal, 4, 80; begins Braddock's Road, 99; map of Ohio River, 9, 48. Gordon, denies Proctor transportation to Maumee, 8, 112. Goreville (Illinois) , Clark's route, 8, 27. Gorman, Senator A. P., president of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, 13, 163. ”

“ Daniel Boone writes to, asking for contract to improve Wilderness Road, 203–204. Shepard's, 12, 120. Shepherd, Antiquities of the State of Ohio, cited, 1, 92. Sherrard, Robert, 12, 31. Shethar's, 12, 127. Shiloh Hill (Illinois) , Clark's route on, 8, 30. Shingiss, Washington visits, 3, 99. Ship-building on the Ohio, history of, 9, 133–136. Shipley's, 10, 160. Shippen, "Draught of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers," 5, 29. Shippensburg (Pennsylvania) : Fort Franklin erected at, 5, 46; people fleeing from, 53. Shirley, Governor: Washington criticises, 5, 41–42; Braddock succeeded by, 65 ”

“ Chicago Drainage, marks old portage route, 7, 181. Ellesmere, mention of, 14, 90. Erie: view of basin of, at Buffalo, 14, frontispiece; Gouverneur Morris father of, 43–47; promoters of, 43–61; influence of Jesse Hawley in originating the, 48–49; Origin of the Erie Canal, Hawley, quoted, 48, cited, 51; Joshua Forman's bill for, 49; first commissioners appointed, 52, 56; first appropriation, 53; first engineer's report on, 54–57; discussion of western terminus of, 55; first estimate of length of, 55; Congress asked to aid, 56–58; President Madison encourages, 57–58 ”

“ Joseph, tribute to Jacob Yoder, 9, 124. Pierpont, surveyor consulted by Washington (1784) as to Western routes, 12, 21. Pigman, Bene S., effects compromise between Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 116. "Pig-track" surveys, 15, 87. Pike's, 10, 163. Pilot Knob (Kentucky) , Blue Grass region seen by Gist from, 6, 75. Pinckney, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 174. "Pioneer Coach Line," 10, 125. Pioneers: character of Kentucky, 5, 34–36; Roosevelt excuses brutality of, 36; types of, 36–38 ”