Bento Silva de Mattos

“ Like the Wright brothers, Edison was caught by the spirit of the English Revolution.
The talk continued and Edison addressed that the aircraft would become even lighter than those already developed by Dumont. Mr. Edison believed that the problem of aerial navigation should be solved by means of the flying machine, and not by the airship. Only with the machine can air navigation ever be made either safe or commercially profitable, he said during the conversation. The term flying machine referred to a contrivance heavier than the air, it is intended to navigate. ”

“ In the early years of the war, France supplied aircraft and engines to her allies. French as forerunner of the quest for technology can be credited to the open-source ambience, which prevailed in the aeronautical community before the Great War. The increase in aircraft production is naturally due to the shadow of the war to come.
In 1911, the tradition of military air shows was started, and not only was this idea taken up by other nations, but it proved a great stimulus for the Aviation industry. ”

“ Enlightenment was a movement which stated that science could explain everything in nature. Until then, most people believed that God controlled the universe in a ‘metaphysical’ manner. Metaphysical means beyond physical, and suggests that it is impossible for humans to comprehend things that happen in our environment. Since it was developed more or less simultaneously in Germany, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, the movement spread through much of Europe, Russia and Scandinavia as well as the United States and Latin America. ”

“ No moment in history stands alone, but each builds surely from the moments before it. The French Revolution and its aftermath were no exceptions, being recorded as a period of political and social upheaval in the history of France. ”

“ That is the reason why America fell behind Europe in regard to airplane technology before the broke out of World War I and a patent war started in the United States among their aviation pioneers. In France, the Aéro-Club de France was created in the last years of the 19th century. Among its objectives, one was to attest the first person to perform a flight with a heavier-than-air machine. After the Brazilian Santos-Dumont's flight with his 14bis biplane in 1906, in Paris, Wilbur Wright went to Europe in 1907 and established a workshop to continue improving the Flyer concept. ”

“ In spite of their handicap in the shape of less horse-power and a much weightier motor, the Wright brothers’ airplane made a speed of 64 km/h, as against 52 km/h shown by Farman’s. Therefore, the American inventors, by constructing a slightly larger machine and fitting it with an up-to-date, lightweight, and aeronautical motor, should have been readily able to carry two men and sufficient fuel for a flight of 200 km, which are among the requirements specified by the War Department for a heavier-than-air flying machine. ”

“ CONCLUDING REMARKS The evolution of the airplane since the first flight of Santos-Dumont in 1906 rests on technological advances in many fields of Engineering. The airplane is more a product of Engineering than of Science. For instance, the Navier-Stokes equations that model the behavior of a body in relative motion to a fluid were derived in early 19 century. ”

“ In 1881, the French brothers Albert and Gaston Tissandier demonstrated the world’s first electric-powered flight at an electricity exposition by attaching an electric motor to an airship. They built a larger model that performed its first flight on October 8, in 1883, the first one of an electric aircraft (Santos-Dumont, 1904) . The same brothers also made a second attempt on September 26, 1884, which performed as they had expected for. In the late 14th century, Santos-Dumont built, among other designs, two cigar-shaped airships. ”

“ From Giffard’s steam-powered airship on, numerous vehicles were developed, including that belonging to Paul Hälein, in 1872 (Fig. 3) , and the one of Charles Ritchel, in 1878, Paul Hälein from Germany was the first to use internal combustion engines on an airship. Hydrogen was used as the fuel to lift the airship, stored in a single tank. In the United States, Charles Ritchel made demonstrations of a lighter-than-aircraft built with impermeable fabric and tubular structure with room for the pilot and an engine, and he managed to sell five units of his flying machine. ”

“ United Brothers of America According to their own report, on December 17th, 1903, the Wright brothers flew on flyer I biplane (Wright, 1988) . This machine was equipped with two counter-rotating propellers, which were driven by a single 12-hp four-cylinder reciprocating engine. Many historians recognize this flight as the first manned one. The following flyer II was fitted with a 16-hp engine and had a takeoff weight of 408 kg, which resulted in a weight-to-power ratio of 25.5 kg/hp. ”

“ In Edison’s mind, then, aerial navigation was simply a question of sufficient power, properly applied, to overcome the lack of buoyancy necessary to make the machine rise and to keep it in sufficient motion in order to hold it in position at a certain altitude. He constantly referred to the figure of the bird that anyone could see rise and fly at will. ”

“ The advent of the Internet has reshaped the way people communicate and work. More specifically, after broadband Internet connections have been made available to ordinary people, the Internet found its path to generalized business and grew exponentially. In an opposite direction to the business side, a lot of open source projects, encompassing the world online community, emerged. ”

“ In many ways it sprang from the undeniable and unswayable forces of modernization, toppling a system that was dying under its own weight and intrinsically unable to adapt and survive in the new economic and philosophical reality. ”

“ In 1913, Germany aircraft production rose to 446. A huge increase was seen in 1914: 1,348 airplanes were produced. Germany mastered the design of large airships, which saw combat in the World War I. Between wars, airships were the sole air vehicle able to nonstop transoceanic flights.
Russia played a minor role in the Aviation development during World War I. Inferior products were trademark in Russia in the pre-war period. The internal turmoil caused by the revolution of 1917 hampered the development of the Aviation in the former Soviet Union. ”

“ These examples from Europe and the United States are reinforced by others along the present paper, in order to sustain the thesis that Europe was more successful in the development of aviation in the early 20th century because an open source philosophy was established there. In addition, an overview of Aviation in both continents is provided for the same purpose.
Progress report of open source philosophy The concept of open source and the free sharing of technological information existed long before computers became present in our everyday life. ”

“ The United States felt the consequences of the delay in implementing organization and development plans in military Aviation. Until 1911 the only airplane was the Flyer A that Orville and Wilbur Wright had managed to sell to the Amy in August, 1909. On July 18, 1914, military aviation moved forward with the creation of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps. When the United States entered the War In April 1917, its Air Force counted less than 250 airplanes, most of them. unsuitable for combat. ”

“ To tease out the weakest signals, a great amount of computer power is necessary. It would take a monstrous supercomputer to get the job done. SETI programs could never afford to build or buy such computing power. SETI@home involved more than five million people, whose combined machines provided more than the equivalent to two million years of computing time looking for faint signs of intelligent life beyond earth.
There are uncountable initiatives for the development of ‘open source engineering software packages. ”

“ Because the history of the aerostat started long before that of the airplane, it is less known.
Ancient inscriptions and texts indicate that the Chinese used hot air balloons and gigantic kites before the Christian era in order to keep the battlefield under surveillance. The Mongols used illuminated kites to communicate during the Battle of Legnica against the Poles and Germans in 1241 A.D.
Much later after the Legnica Battle, Portugal became one of the most powerful nations in the world, which came about thanks to the Knights Templar, one of the most famous Christian military orders. ”

“ SourceForge.net has the largest repository of open source code and applications available on the Internet and hosts more open source development products than any other site or network worldwide. It also provides a wide variety of services to projects they host, and to the Open Source community. ”

“ In 1898, based on the success of his models, Langley received a War Department grant of US$ 50,000 and US$ 20,000 from the Smithsonian to develop a piloted airplane, which was christened Aerodrome (Schmitt, 1990) . Langley engaged Charles M. Manly as the engineer and test pilot. When Langley was informed by his friend Octave Chanute about the Wright brothers’ success with their 1902 glider, he attempted to meet them, but they politely evaded his request. ”

“ When he failed to produce an engine to the power and weight specifications, Manly finished the design. This engine had far more power than did the engine for the Wright brothers’ first airplane — 50 hp compared to 12 hp. The engine, mostly the technical work of men other than Langley, was probably the main contribution of the project to Aviation. However, the American aerospace community did not benefit from this advanced engine since there was almost no information exchanging among the aviation pioneers. ”

“ The top speed of the Etrich aircraft with three passengers on board was 106 km/h. Shortly after the World War I, the first airlines were founded and started operating with retrofitted bomber planes. German manufacturer, Junkers, designed and produced the world’s first all-metal planes, as some were used in combat in the later stages of the World War I. The Junkers F.13 was the first airplane intended for passenger transportation, and its first flight was in 1919. It was the world’s first all-metal transport airplane.
Figure 13. The first airplanes used for people transportation. ”

“ Germany's achievements in setting up and developing the framework needed for aerial warfare can be considered as impressive, At the beginning of the war, German airplanes were slow and unarmed, intended only to be used for aerial observation and reconnaissance of ground forces. After changing the way aircraft could be usefulness in a war scenario, the armed forces were reorganized to efficiently incorporate the new weapon, The aircraft production in 1912 topped 136 units, which is a considerable increase from just 24 built in 1911. ”

“ However, this system of equations was solved only halfway through the 20th century. Therefore, Aviation pioneers largely used experimentation and employed less complex theoretical models in order to achieve their goals. As of the middle of 19th century, two new trends emerged based on the steam engine: the race to fly a lighter-than-air airship with engines and directional control, and the development of fixed-wing aircraft. Over time, the airplane began to take on a familiar shape. ”

“ Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modem France took shape. The ideals brought by the French Revolution for a more equal society rapidly spread along the entire Western world. ”

“ The gondola was directly connected to the hull and an 8-hp Daimler engine powered the aircraft, which flew for the first time on August 10, 1898 in Cannstatt, close to the city of Stuttgart. In 1897, the airship caught fire during a flight in Tempelhof, in Germany. Wölfert and his mechanic died in the accident. Escaping hydrogen from the envelope had probably come into contact with the hot exhaust gases from the engine. They were the first victims of power-driven Aviation. Future designers would avoid placing the petrol engine so near the flammable hydrogen balloon. ”

“ Another project that seeks help from the online community is the SETI@home, which is a scientific experiment that uses Internet-connected computers in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) . Anyone can participate by running a free program that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data. Radio telescope signals consist primarily of noise (from celestial sources and receiver’s electronics) and man-made signals, such as TV stations, radar, and satellites. ”