Gary N. Calkins

“ The anus is probably always terminal. Contractile vacuoles are variable in different species. In some cases there is but one, which is placed at the posterior end or centrally on the ventral side; in others there may be four—two dorsal and two ventral. In many cases trichocysts are uniformly distributed. Sometimes the body is colorless; again, and more often, it is brightly colored with red, blue, brown, or black pigment. The macronucleus is globular and central, occasionally band-form and with numerous attached micronuclei. ”

“ In the frontal region are from one to three rows of cirri. The ventral surface is covered with longitudinal rows of cilia, the number of rows being in dispute (6 to 7 according to Stein; 9 according to Mereschowsky and Rees) Some of these cilia project from the lateral edges and from the posterior end, where they are slightly elongated. The anus is dorsal and placed at the beginning of the posterior process. Macronucleus probably double. Movement is rapid and restless, the tail process contracting to jerk the body backward. ”

“ The true ventral side is only a narrow strip along the right and anterior edge of the body, the apparent ventral side being a fold of the very large dorsal surface which comes around ventrally, forming a valved structure somewhat analogous to a clam shell. ”

“ The chief features by which this species is distinguished from the frequently described M. pulex of Europe are the number of anterior cirri and the ring of true cilia in place of the central girdle of cirri. The European form is described with four anterior bristles; the present form has from 28 to 32. The radial cilia differ decidedly from the more powerful cirri and they are not in one plane, so that counting is difficult; they are not closely set. The presence of tentacles makes these forms of especial theoretical interest, especially in the light of the origin of Suctoria. ”

“ It is of interest to know the actual species of various groups in any locality and to compare them with European forms. The present contribution is only the beginning of a series upon the marine Protozoa at Woods Hole, and the species here enumerated are those which were found with the algæ along the edge of the floating wharf in front of the Fish Commission building and within a space of about 20 feet. ”

“ Thus the Infusoria, including the Ciliata and the Suctoria, are usually littoral in their habitat, living upon the shore-dwelling, or attached, water plants and upon the animals frequenting them. It is to be expected, therefore, that in forms here considered there should be a preponderance of Infusoria. Flagellated forms are also found in similar localities, but on the Surface of the sea as well; hence the number described in these pages is probably only a small proportion of the total number of Mastigophora in this region. ”

“ The body is club-shape and moves with the swollen end in advance. A comparatively small number of large granules are found in the swollen portion, while the smaller posterior end is quite hyaline. Contractile vacuole absent, and a nucleus was not seen. Frequent in decomposing vegetable matter. Length 37μ. Traverses a distance of 160μ in one minute.
The fresh-water form of A. guttula has a vacuole, otherwise Dujardin's description agrees perfectly with the Woods Hole forms. ”

“ The body is colorless, transparent, and flexible. It is largest in the center, thence tapering at the two extremities. The surface of the cuticle is obliquely striated, giving to the animal a distinctly twisted appearance. ”

“ This species resembles G. acuminata of Ehrenberg except that it is strongly compressed laterally. The longitudinal furrow extends nearly to the extremity of the animal. It begins as a narrow slit and widens as it progresses upon the left side; it also becomes much deeper on this side and at the bottom of the depression the longitudinal flagellum is inserted. The transverse furrow runs evenly around the body near the upper pole, giving to the shell almost the aspect of an Amphidinium. Brown chromatophores may or may not be arranged radially about a central amylum granule. ”

“ The spine-like processes are very thin and short. (Schaudinn '95.) The marine form found at Woods Hole probably belongs to this species, as described by Schaudinn. The short pseudopodia which give to the periphery a fringed appearance are quite regularly placed in connection with the pseudopodia. The latter are not so long as twice the body diameter, the longest being not more than equal to the diameter of the sphere. The body inside of the gelatinous covering is thickly coated with bright yellow cells similar to those on Radiolaria. ”

“ A distinct axial fiber extends from the pedal disc to the peristome and gives off a number of branches. This fiber is analogous to the myonemes in Vorticella. An indistinct longitudinal furrow can be made out occasionally. ”

“ The lorica is swollen posteriorly, narrowest at the oral margin, bent on its axis and is supported on a short stalk. It is perfectly smooth and without annulations. The animal itself has no definite stalk. When fully expanded the animal emerges but slightly from the margin of the cup. Fresh and salt water. On red algæ. Dimensions of Woods Hole form: Cup 50 to 55μ long; greatest diameter 22μ; length of stalk 4 to 5μ. ”

“ At the end of vegetative life the needle-bearing form fragments into numerous mononucleate parts; these develop into adults similar to the parent, but without the spines. At the end of its vegetative life this new individual fragments into biflagellated swarm-spores which may conjugate, reproducing the form with needles. Size up to 2 mm.
Trichosphærium sieboldi Schneider. Fig. 3.
With the characters of the genus. A form which I have taken to be a young stage of this interesting rhizopod is described as follows:
A minute, almost quiescent, form which changes its contour very slowly. ”

“ Movement rapid, free swimming, alternating with resting periods; in some cases an undulating or wriggling movement is seen, showing clearly the flexibility of the body. Fresh and salt water.
Condylostoma patens Müller. ”

“ Upon the edges of the flat border are sharp-pointed, colorless, spine-like processes, situated at equal distances around the entire periphery except at the anterior end. Each spine is thick at the base and tapers to a full point which is curved upward—i. ”

“ In these cases there is a considerable pigment mass on the anterior end. Movement is regular, forward, and combined with rotation. Food consists of foreign objects, diatoms, other protozoa and the like. Fresh and salt water.
Frontonia leucas Ehr. Fig. 37.
Synonyms: Frontonia vernalis Ehr. '38; Bursaria leucas Allman '55, Carter '56; Panophrys leucas Duj. '41, Stein '67; Panophrys vernalis Dujardin '41, Stein '67; P. chrysalis Duj. '41, Fromentel '74; Cyrtostomum leucas Stein '67, Kent '81.
Form ovoid, elongate, occasionally a little flattened dorso-ventrally. ”

“ Développement des Infusoires ciliés dans une macération de foin. Ann. d. ac. nat. zool. (5) , II.
DADAY, E. v. '86. Ein kleiner Beitrag der Infusorien-Fauna des Golfes v. Neapel. Mitt. Zool. St. Neap., VI, p. 481.
–––– '88. Monographie der Familie der Tintinnodeen. Mitt. Zool. St. Neap., VIII, p. 473.
DAVIS, J. '79. On a new species of Cothurnia. Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc., II, 1879.
DUJARDIN, F. '35. Recherches sur les organismes inférieures. Ann. d. sc. nat. zool. (2) , IV, p. 343.
–––– '41. Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes infusoires. ”

“ Jour. d. l'anat. et de la phys., XXI, p. 554.
–––– '91. Matériaux pour servir a l'histoire des Infusoires ciliés. Ann. d. mic., III, 1890-91, p. 49.
FOL, H. '83. Further contribution to the knowledge of the Tintinnodea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) , XII, p.73.
FRANCÉ, R. H. '97. Der organismus der Craspedomonaden. Budapest.
FROMENTEL. E. DE. '74. Etudes sur les microzoaires, etc. Paris, 1874.
GOURRET ET ROESER. '88. Contributions à l'étude des Protozoaires de la Corse. Arch. d. biol., VIII p. 139.
GREEFF, R. '66. Ueber einige in der Erde lebende Amoeben und andere Rhizopoden. Arch. f. mik. ”