John Allan Howe

Name: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Author: John Allan Howe

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

Summary

“1911 Encyclopædia Britannica”, published in 1911, is a work by John Allan Howe. It explores elements such as marls, deposits and Pliocene.

Quotes from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (John Allan Howe)

John Allan Howe, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

“ Generally all over the world the majority of Pliocene formations are non-marine, and the limited and local nature of the elevations since the inception of the period has exposed to view only the shallow marginal marine deposits. The principal exception to the last statement is to be found in the Pliocene of Italy and Sicily, where a continuous crustal depression permitted the accumulation of great thicknesses of material, which later on, towards the close of the period, were elevated some thousands of feet. ”

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Source: Wikisource

John Allan Howe, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

“ In addition to the deposits just mentioned in French Flanders, the early Pliocene sea has left numerous small atches of marls and sands in Brittany and Normandy. In southern France marine sands, gravels and marls of Plaisancian and Astian ages occur in the depression of Roussillon, followed by Sicilian marls and gravels. In Languedoc (Montpellier, Nimes, Béziers) marine marls and sands are ollowed by calcareous conglomerate (40 metres) or by marls and lignite; gravels and loams constitute the uppermost beds. In the Rhone basin the earliest deposits are the Congerla beds of Bollene (Vaucluse) ”

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Source: Wikisource

John Allan Howe, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

“ In central France no marine beds are found, but many interesting and in some cases highly fossiliferous deposits occur in association with volcanic rocks, such as the lower conglomerate and upper trachytic breccia of Perrier (ISSOIFC) , the fine tuffs (cine rites) with plants of Cantal, the lignitiferous sandstones beneath the basalt of Cézallier, the diatomite of Ceyssac, &c. In Italy, Pliocene rocks form the low ranges of hills on both sides of the Apennines, hence the term “ sub-Apennine ” given to these rocks by A d'Orbigny. They are marine marls and sands ”

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Source: Wikisource

John Allan Howe, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

“ To the next stage belong the yellow sands full of massive fossils, including the conglomerate of Castrovillari in Calabria and the white mars of the Val d'Arno. In the final (Sicilian) stage fluvio-lacustrine sands and gravels are found in Italy, except in Calabria and in Sicily where thick marine beds were formed. In Switzerland some of the deposits of Nagebiuh and Deckeuschotler, glacial plateau gravels, belong to the Sicilian stage. In south-eastern Europe a great series of sands and marls with lignites, termed the Paludina beds, rests directly upon the Pontian formation. ”

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Source: Wikisource

John Allan Howe, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

“ On the north coast of Africa marine and brackish sands and marls occur in Morocco, Algeria and Egypt; and the “ rifts " of the Red Sea and Suez have been assigned to this period. In North America marine Pliocene is found fringing the coasts of California and the Gulf of Mexico In the latter region marine marls, clays and limestones are best developed in Florida and can be traced into the Carolinas and Virginia ”

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Source: Wikisource

John Allan Howe, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

“ From their reat development in the Levant, they have been given the rank of a “ Levantine stage ” by F. von Hochstetter; they are found in Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Bosnia, Rumania, Bulgaria, southern Russia, the Cyclades, and the Caspian region. ”

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Source: Wikisource

John Allan Howe, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)

“ Blue marls of Pia- cenza, Bologna, and Vatican.
Lower Paludina beds.
Marine beds ef
Florida. Lacustrine bed* ef
Rocky
tains.
Life of the Pliocene Period.—Sir C. Lyell denned the Pliocene strata as those which contained from 36–95% of living marine molluscs. This rule can no longer be strictly applied to the widely scattered marine deposits, and it is of course inapplicable to the very numerous formations of lacustrine and fluviatile origin. On the whole the marine organisms are very like their living representatives, and there is often practically no specific difference ”

John Allan Howe

Summary

Quotes from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (John Allan Howe)

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