Stephen Johnson Field

“ A trade-mark may, sometimes, it is true, in from serve as a label, but it differs from a mere label in such cases in that it is not confined to a designation of the article to which it is attached, but by its words or design is a symbol or device which, affixed to a product of one's manufacture, distinguishes it from articles of the same general nature, manufactured or sold by others, thus securing to the producer the benefits of any increased sale by reason of any peculiar excellence he may have given to it. ”

“ The Revised Statutes of the United States secure to the author, inventor, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph, and to the executors, administrators, or assigns of such person, the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending the same, upon complying with certain provisions. ”

“ The clause of the constitution under which congress is authorized to legislate for the protection of authors and inventors is contained in the eighth section of article 1, which declares that 'the congress shall have power to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.' This provision evidently has reference only to such writings and discoveries as are the result of intellectual labor. ”