The Christian Church, an ecclesiological concept, refers to the collective body of believers or the institution established by Jesus Christ, viewed through various doctrinal perspectives. While some denominations, such as Catholics and Orthodox Christians, emphasize a unified, hierarchical structure, others, like Protestants, distinguish between visible institutions and an invisible, universal community of the elect.
Authors like Edward T. Hiscox describe it as a covenantal assembly united under Christ’s authority, while James Baldwin Brown critiques its societal role, and Theodore Parker highlights its diverse rites across traditions. The Church’s identity—rooted in Scripture, sacraments, and apostolic succession—remains a contested yet central theme, reflecting both its universal mission and fragmented realities.