Henry Weightman Stelwagon

“ Urticaria bullosa is a variety in which the inflammatory action has been sufficiently great to give rise to fluid exudation, the wheals resulting in the formation of blebs.
What is the etiology of urticaria?
Any irritation from disease, functional or organic, of any internal organ, may give rise to the eruption in those predisposed. Gastric derangement from indigestible or peculiar articles of food, intestinal toxins, and the ingestion of certain drugs are often provocative. The so-called “shell-fish” group of foods play an important etiological part in some cases. ”

“ The forehead and scalp are the favorite sites, but they may also occur elsewhere. The eruption is rather scanty as a rule, consisting usually of ten to thirty lesions. They begin as small maculo-papules, as papules, or as minute nodules in or on the skin, and gradually become small pea-sized, with a tendency to slight vesiculation or pustulation at the central part. The lesion is sluggish in its course, drying to a thin crust, which finally falls off, leaving a depressed variola-like scar. New lesions arise from time to time, and the disease thus continues almost indefinitely. ”

“ What is the treatment of atrophy of the nails?
Treatment will depend upon the cause. When it is due to eczema [Pg 189] or psoriasis, appropriate constitutional and local remedies should be prescribed. If it is the result of syphilis, mercury and potassium iodide are to be advised. In onychomycosis—an exceedingly obstinate affection—the nails should be kept closely cut and pared, and a one- to five-grain solution of corrosive sublimate applied several times a day; a lotion of sodium hyposulphite, a drachm to the ounce, is also a valuable and safe application. ”

“ Describe parchment skin, and state the treatment.
Parchment skin (xeroderma pigmentosum, angioma pigmentosum et atrophicum) is a rare disease, the exact nature of which is not understood. It is characterized by the appearance of numerous disseminated, freckle-like pigment-spots, telangiectases, atrophied muscles, more or less shrinking and contraction of the integument, and followed, in most instances, by epitheliomatous tumors and ulceration, and finally death. It is usually slow in its course, beginning in childhood and lasting for years. ”

“ No; in those of great cutaneous irritability, especially in children, the skin being more tender, the type of the eruption is usually much more inflammatory. In those predisposed a true eczema may arise, and then, in addition to the characteristic lesions of scabies, eczematous symptoms are superadded; in long-persistent cases, indeed, the burrows and other consequent lesions may be more or less completely masked by the eczematous inflammation, and the true nature of the disease be greatly obscured. ”

“ What is the treatment of leprosy?
Hygienic measures are important. Chaulmoogra oil and gurjun oil internally and externally are in some instances of service. Strychnia alone, or with either of these oils, is ofttimes beneficial. Ichthyol internally, and external applications of the same drug, and of resorcin, chrysarobin, and pyrogallic acid, have been extolled. Change of climate, especially to a region where the disease does not prevail, is often of great advantage. ”

“ There seems no doubt that those who have to do with cattle products, especially butchers, are subjects of acute and usually grave pemphigus. Vaccination has exceptionally been responsible for the disease, probably through some coincidental infection. The disease is not contagious, nor is it due to syphilis. It may occur at any age.
It is a rare disease, especially in this country. Most of the cases diagnosed as pemphigus by the inexperienced are examples of bullous urticaria, bullous erythema multiforme, and impetigo contagiosa. ”

“ Pediculosis capitis (pediculosis capillitii) , due to the presence of the pediculus capitis, occurs much more frequently in children than in adults. It is characterized by marked itching, and the formation of various inflammatory lesions, such as papules, pustules and excoriations— resulting from the irritation produced by the parasites and from the scratching to which the intense pruritus gives rise. In fact, an eczematous eruption of the pustular type soon results, attended with more or less crust formation. ”

“ In doubtful cases, an observation of several weeks will always suffice to distinguish it from eczema, erythema multiforme, herpes iris and pemphigus, diseases to which it at times bears strong resemblance.
Give the prognosis of dermatitis herpetiformis.
An opinion as to the outcome of the disease should be guarded. It is exceedingly rebellious to treatment, and relapses are the rule. Exceptionally the bullous and pustular varieties prove eventually fatal. The erythematous and vesicular varieties are the most favorable. ”

“ State the character of the lesions produced by the filaria medinensis.
The young microscopic worm penetrates the skin or deeper tissue, where it grows gradually, finally reaching several inches or more in length and about a half-line in thickness; inflammation is excited and a tumor-like swelling makes its appearance, which, sooner or later, breaks, disclosing the worm. It may also present a cord-like appearance. It is rarely met with outside of tropical countries.
Treatment consists in gradual extraction, or in the injection of a corrosive sublimate solution (1:1000) into the forming tumor. ”

“ Scleroderma. (Synonyms: Sclerema; Scleriasis; Dermatosclerosis; Morphœa; Keloid of Addison.)
What is scleroderma?
Scleroderma is an acute or chronic disease of the skin characterized by a localized or general, more or less diffuse, usually pigmented, rigid, stiffened, indurated or hide-bound condition.
Morphœa, by some formerly thought to be a distinct affection, is now believed to be a form of scleroderma; as typically met with it is characterized by one or more rounded, oval, or elongate, coin- to palm-sized, pinkish, or whitish ivory-looking patches. ”

“ More or less pigmentation, and sometimes superficial scarring, may remain to mark the site of the lesions.
Itching is rarely present, but there may be more or less pain and tenderness.
What is the cause of ecthyma?
It is essentially a disease of the poorly cared-for and ill-fed; the direct exciting cause is the introduction of pyogenic microörganisms into the follicular openings. It is closely allied to impetigo contagiosa, and may in fact be regarded as a markedly inflammatory form of the latter affection. It seems much less contagious, however. It is commonly observed in male adults. ”

“ Obstinate and indurated lesions may be incised, the contents pressed out, and the interior touched with carbolic acid by means of a pointed stick. The x-ray has proved a most valuable addition to our resources in the treatment of acne, and is especially serviceable in extensive and obstinate cases. An exposure should be made about twice weekly, at a distance of five to ten inches and for from three to ten minutes, and a tube of medium vacuum used. It must be used with great caution and never beyond the production of the mildest erythema. The hair, eyes, and lips should be protected. ”

“ Describe the symptoms and course of prurigo.
The disease first appears upon the tibial regions, and its earliest manifestation may be urticarial, but there soon develop the characteristic small, millet-seed-sized, or larger, firm elevations, which may be of the natural color of the skin or of a pinkish tinge. The lesions, whilst discrete, are in great numbers, and closely crowded. The overlying skin is dry, rough and harsh; itching is intense, and, as a result of the scratching, excoriations and blood crusts are commonly present. ”

“ State the etiology of purpura.
In most instances no cause can be assigned. The disease occurs at all ages from childhood to advanced life, and in individuals, apparently, in good and bad health alike. The hemorrhagic type is oftener seen in subjects debilitated or in a depraved state of health. A microörganism is also looked upon as a factor by some observers, especially in the grave type of disease. ”

“ The lesions have their start about the hair-follicles, occur usually upon the trunk, tend to group and form patches, and sooner or later become covered with minute scales. As a rule, there is no itching. It is a rare disease, and but seldom met with in America; it is seen chiefly in children and young people of a scrofulous diathesis. Scarring, slight in character, may or may not follow.
What is the treatment of lichen scrofulosus?
The condition responds to tonics and anti-strumous remedies. ”

“ What is the prognosis of ringworm of these several parts?
When upon the general surface, the disease usually responds rapidly to therapeutical applications; upon the scalp it is always a stubborn affection, and, as a rule, requires several months to a year of energetic treatment to effect a cure. In this latter region the disease will disappear spontaneously as the age of fifteen or sixteen is reached. Tinea sycosis yields in most instances in the course of several weeks or a few months. ”

“ In many cases it begins in childhood or early adult life, but as it is persistent and tends to relapse, it may be met with at any age.
Describe the earlier symptoms of lupus vulgaris.
The disease begins by the development of several or more pin-head to small pea-sized, deep-seated, brownish-red or yellowish tubercles, having their seat in the deeper part of the corium, and which are somewhat softer and looser in texture than normal tissue. As the disease progresses, variously-sized and shaped aggregations or patches result, covered with thin and imperfectly-formed epidermis. ”

“ What is the etiology of fibroma?
The cause is not known. Heredity is often noted. The affection is not common.
State the pathology of fibroma.
The growths are variously thought to have their origin in the connective tissue of the corium, or in that of the walls of the hair-sac, or in the connective-tissue framework of the fatty tissue. Recent tumors are composed of gelatinous, newly-formed connective tissue, and the older growths of a dense, firmly-packed, fibrous tissue.
From what growths is fibroma to be differentiated?
From molluscum contagiosum, neuroma and lipoma ”

“ The disease in nowise compromises the general health. In those rare instances of generalized disease the patient has usually died from an intercurrent tuberculosis.
How is lupus erythematosus to be treated?
The general health is to be looked after and systemic treatment prescribed, if indicated. As a rule, constitutional remedies exert little, if any, influence, but exceptionally, cod-liver oil, arsenic, phosphorus, salicin, quinine, or potassium iodide proves of service. ”

“ Dermatitis herpetiformis is a somewhat rare inflammatory disease, characterized by an eruption of an erythematous, papular, vesicular, pustular, bullous or mixed type, with a decided disposition toward grouping, accompanied by itching and burning sensations, with, as a rule, more or less consequent pigmentation, and pursuing usually a chronic course with remissions. ”

“ The skin is harsh, dry and rough, feeling to the touch somewhat like the surface of a nutmeg-grater or a coarse file. More [Pg 100] or less scaliness is usually present in the confluent patches and on the palms and soles; in these latter regions the papules are rarely seen. The duration of the disease is variable, and relapses are common. It bears resemblance at times to keratosis pilaris, ichthyosis, dermatitis exfoliativa; it is considered identical with the lichen ruber acuminatus of Kaposi, and by many also with the lichen ruber of Hebra. The etiology is obscure. ”

“ Psoriasis is a more inflammatory disease, is seen usually more abundantly upon the limbs, the scales are profuse and silvery, and the underlying skin is red and has a glazed look; moreover, psoriasis, as a rule, appears slowly and runs a chronic course. ”

“ There is rarely more than one lesion present. It begins, usually with preceding and accompanying malaise, chilliness and febrile disturbance, as a firm, flat, inflammatory infiltration in the deeper skin and subcutaneous tissue, spreading laterally and finally involving an area of one to several inches in diameter. The infiltration and swelling increase, the skin becomes of dark red color, and sooner or later, usually at the end of ten days or two weeks, softening and suppuration begin to take place, the skin finally giving away at several points, through which sanious pus exudes ”

“ Ichthyosis is a chronic, hypertrophic disease, characterized by dryness and scaliness of the skin, with a variable amount of papillary growth.
At what age is ichthyosis first observed?
It is first noticed in infancy or early childhood. In rare instances it is congenital (ichthyosis congenita) , and in such cases it is usually severe, and of a grave type; the children are, as a rule, prematurely born, and frequently do not survive many days or weeks. ”

“ In some cases, especially in the region of the ankle, the papules become quite large (lichen planus hypertrophicus) , and in occasional cases there is a tendency in some of the lesions or patches to clear up centrally. There is, as a rule, considerable itching. There are no constitutional symptoms.
What is the etiology of lichen planus?
In some cases the disease is distinctly neurotic in character, in others no cause can be assigned. It is more especially met with at [Pg 99] middle age, and among the wealthier, professional, and luxurious classes. ”

“ The parasite seeks preferably tender and protected situations, as between the fingers, on the wrists, especially the flexor surface, in the folds of the axilla, on the abdomen, about the anal fissure, about the genitalia, and in females also about the nipples, and hence the eruption is most abundant about these regions. The inside of the thighs and the feet are also attacked, as, indeed, may be almost every portion of the body. The scalp and face are not involved ”