Benjamin Franklin Schappelle

“ In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of those colonists. ”

“ The animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be immediately adopted.
In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking immigrants from any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro settled by [Pg 25] former inhabitants of the Coblenz district and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. ”

“ Rio Grande do Sul has a much larger population of German descent than any other state in Brazil. The main reason why so many Germans settled in this state we may attribute to the climatic conditions which are here more favorable to Germanic peoples than in any other section of the country. ”

“ While the latter have been modified to a great extent only where the German language [Pg 33] gave way to the Portuguese almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil. [51] Probably the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian, not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of all as Brazilians. ”

“ In the following more recently established provincial colonies the population is largely made up of German settlers: Campos Salles, founded in 1897; Jorge Tibiriça, founded in 1905; Nova Europa, founded in 1907; and Bandeirantes, founded in 1908. In addition to these, the provincial colonies of Monção and Pariquera Assú also contain important quotas of Germans.
In the state of São Paulo the Germans form to-day an urban rather than a rural population. They are very strongly represented in São Paulo (the capital) , Campinas and Santos. ”

“ The word German as applied to colonists refers only to natives of Germany who became naturalized citizens of Brazil and to Brazilians of German extraction.
Colonies located within the confines of other German colonies (e.g., Hansa, São Bento etc.) are not listed.
Direct immigration signifies immigration from Europe.
Indirect immigration signifies immigration from a South American country bordering on Brazil; immigration from another Brazilian state; or from another colony within the same state. ”

“ Petropolis was made a state colony in 1845. In reality it had its origin as a German colony in 1838. The first settlers were German emigrants originally bound not for Brazil but for Sydney, Australia. On account of the bad treatment they received on the French sailing vessel "Justine" they revolted and compelled the captain to land them at Rio de Janeiro on December 2d, 1837. ”

“ Dona Francisca was founded under favorable circumstances at a time when many Germans, including members of the "upper classes" were leaving the Fatherland on account of the general political discontent during the latter part of the forties of the past century. This fact is reflected in the German language as spoken in Joinville to-day. It is perhaps more free from dialect than in any other German colony in Brazil. The [Pg 19] general cultural status of the inhabitants of Germanic origin is relatively high. ”

“ It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or private) in which the German element forms an important part of the population are noted.
[6] These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."
[7] A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers. ”

“ In point of numbers, Santa Catharina is next to the most important state in Brazil so far as German colonization is concerned.
RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
São Leopoldo, a state colony, was founded in 1824. The first settlers came from the Hunsrück section. To-day its population is estimated at more than 50,000, mostly of German descent. [32] We may designate São Leopoldo as the center of the "Deutschbrasilianerthum" of Rio Grande do Sul. ”

“ The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. ”

“ In the few cases where words or phrases noted seem characteristic of any particular section of Brazil that fact is indicated. The glossary, moreover, makes no claim to completeness.
The sources [123] of the expressions listed are Brazilian German newspapers, books, almanacs, pamphlets, advertisements, "Festschriften," etc., [124] as well as conversation with colonists. In the latter instance only such terms as were repeatedly used to the exclusion of the corresponding German terms were noted. ”

“ The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.
TERMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP IN TITLES.
For the terms of family relationship in titles (business, etc.) the Portuguese forms are commonly used where the German forms would naturally be expected (i.e., in exclusively Brazilian German publications, etc.) . Among the forms most frequently used in this manner (in full or abbreviated form, singular or plural) are the following: [53]
[Pg 35]
EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN FROM DOCUMENTS. The Written Language. ”

“ While, according to their idea the retention and cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum" and (to use their own expression) "Deutschländerthum." ”

“ Die Mule ist nämlich sehr störrisch und muss gepusst [120] und getockt [121] wereden. Beim Hause angelangt, wird dem Tiere die Cangalje [122] aufgelegt und die Ladung befestigt. Dann geht's fort.
INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOSSARY OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN TERMS.
For reasons previously stated, the language or dialect of the German settlers in Brazil underwent an almost immediate change, not in its syntax, but in its vocabulary. Had the immigrants and their descendants only adopted such words as had no equivalent in their mother-tongue, our case would be much simpler. ”

“ The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in São Paulo. V. note 2, p. 19.
[49] Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.
[50] For a further example of a short proper name compare the one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa Senhora do O'") , located a short distance to the northwest of São Paulo.
[51] This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to native-born German Brazilians. ”

“ Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in Südbrasilien. Leipzig, 1900.
Lima, Oliveira: Dom João VI no Brasil, 1808-1821. Rio de Janeiro, 1908.
Ludwig, A.: A colonização nos paizes da America do Sul. Porto Alegre, 1916.
Lufft, Dr. Hermann: Das portugiesische Südamerika. Berlin and Leipzig, 1913. (Sammlung Göschen. No. 672.)
Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: O Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo, 1915.
d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisação do Brazil. Paris, 1871. (Pamphlet.)
Orlando, Arthur: Brazil. A Terra e o Homem. Recife, 1913. ”

“ Ackerbaukolonien. Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Würtemberg und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul. Leipzig, 1904. (Pamphlet.)
Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: A Journey to Brazil. Boston, 1868.
Angerami, Domingos. V. Fonseca, Antonio.
Auswanderer. Central Auskunftstelle für Auswanderer. Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul. Berlin, 1904. (Pamphlet.)
Avé-Lallement, Dr. Robert: Reise durch Südbrasilien im Jahre 1858. Leipzig, 1859. (2 vols.)
Bastos, Travares: Questões de Immïgração. (Manuscript in National Library. Rio.)
Blumenau, Dr. ”

“ The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of German Descent. By J. Hanno Deiler. With Illustrations. 136 pp. Price $1.25
9. Early German Music in Philadelphia. By R.R. Drummond, Ph.D. 112 pp. Price $1.25
10. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in Germany. By Grace Edith MacLean, Ph.D. 102 pp. Price $1.50
11. The Germans in Texas. A Study in Immigration. By Gilbert Giddings Benjamin, Ph.D. 161 pp. 3 Illustrations. Price $1.50
12. The American Ethnographical Survey. Conestoga Expedition. ”

“ Wagemann, E.: Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate Espirito Santo. Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpo [Pg 66] litik (Beitrag zur Enquête üher die Ansiedelung von Europäern in den Tropen) . 1916 [?] . [130]
Wappäus, Dr. J.E.: Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation. Leipzig, 1846 and 1848. (2 parts.)
Wernicke, Hugo: Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens. Potsdam, 1910. (2d ed.)
Wright, Marie Robinson: The New Brazil. Philadelphia, 1907. ”