by the Civil Aeronautics Board

“ However, if an engine is operated at this higher horsepower for any continuous period of time, excessive temperature will be developed in the cylinder head, valves, pistons, etc., which may result in a failure of any one of these parts or seriously reduce the service life of the engine. Accordingly, engine operation limitations are specified by the Civil Aeronautics Administration in the operation record attached to the aircraft airworthiness certificate of each airplane. ”

“ The pilot attempted to land on the east-west runway, toward the east, but undershot, contacting the ground about 8 feet from the field boundary and 75 feet from the runway. The wheels struck the boundary, made up of loose rocks approximately fifteen inches high. The aircraft bounced into the air slightly, contacted the ground again very smoothly, and rolled straight ahead for several hundred feet before veering to the right and coming to rest about 1800 feet from the field boundary.
Subsequent investigation indicated that the right landing gear failed when it struck the rocks. ”

“ To the pilot who has not been exposed to instrument flight utilizing both the attitude gyro and the artificial horizon, the fact that pitch information is displayed in an opposing manner on-these instruments does not appear particularly significant. ”

“ The aircraft bounced three times before it maintained ground contact and then rolled into a drainage ditch near the upwind end of the runway where it burned.
The probable cause of the accident was engine failure during a critical period of take-off, following which the plot executed an emergency landing under unfavorable conditions. Contributing factors were the strong gusts and ground turbulence which prevailed at the time. However, the seriousness of the accident was due to the presence of a deep ditch near the runway. ”

“ Applicant shall show that each person employed to serve as a second pilot for the air carrier is possessed of at least a valid commercial pilot competency rating and before serving as second pilot in any aircraft in scheduled air transportation service shall have demonstrated to an air carrier inspector representing the Administrator or to a check pilot of the air carrier duly authorized by the Administrator, his ability to take off and land such aircraft in which he is to serve by making at least three satisfactory take-offs and landings in each model of such aircraft. ”

“ The flight, designated by Pan American Airways, Inc., as Trip 517-518, had originated at San Francisco and was returning to that point from Singapore. A landing had been made at Guam, which was one of several intermediate stops. Because of unfavorable take-off conditions, consisting of heavy swells in the outer harbor, light wind (6 to 8 knots) and heavy load (28 pounds less than the maximum permitted) , the attempted take-off from Guam was delayed about 21⁄2 hours. When the take-off was attempted, a runway in the inner harbor, protected from heavy swells, was used. ”

“ EST on a regularly scheduled flight to Bermuda, with a crew of seven, ten passengars, mail, express and baggage. The aircraft was loaded within its placarded limits. The weather was excellent at the time of departure and throughout the trip. The flight proceeded without incident until about 4:35 p.m. when the Captain received a radio message to the effect that the power boat equipped with a search light, which is normally used to aid aircraft in night landings, was out of commission and that a small boat which was not equipped with a search light would be used instead. ”

“ It appears, therefore, that small rags of the type found in the induction system of the right engine of NC 13359 could not have caused the loss of power in that engine. While it would have been possible for a few small rags to have been passed through the propeller, thence through the screen at the opening of the cold air duct, and thence through the induction system to the carburetor grid, it is extremely unlikely that a number of such rags sufficient to have stopped the engine could have taken this course. ”

“ Close to the edge of the ditch are standard colored conical airport boundary markers, placed about 250 feet apart, which definitely mark the limit of the usable area. They are suitably conspicuous but do not warn of the declivity beyond. Although Captain Decker had flown in and out of National Airport on a number of occasions he testified that he was unaware of the existence of this ditch and stated that he could have prevented the accident had he known it was there. ”

“ Upon arrival at Maracaibo a normal landing was made during which landing flaps and cowl flaps operated normally. After completing the landing roll the brakes were tested and found to function normally, whereupon the pilot slowly taxied toward the passenger platform located in front of the hangar. This necessitated a movement in a southerly direction with a crosswind from the East. To keep the aircraft from weathercocking to the left into the wind, the tail wheel was locked in a neutral position and the left engine operated under greater power than the right. ”

“ Applicant shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator ability to conduct a safe operation over the entire route to be flown in air transportation. Such demonstration shall be by means of actual flights over each proposed route employing such of the proposed aircraft, airmen, and operating and maintenance procedures and techniques as the Administrator may deem necessary. ”

“ The landing is made to the right, parallel with the lights. The Captain circled the landing area during his descent, found the line of lights properly placed into the wind, and received a green flare from the launch, indicating that the area was clear of obstructions. At an altitude of approximately 500 feet, he lined the aircraft up with the lights for a final approach and started a descent at a rate of 300 feet per minute and 90 knots indicated air speed, with full flaps. ”

“ The Charleston Municipal Airport presents conditions of great hazard to a pilot in case of an engine failure in take-off towards the west or southwest. The primary and secondary high tension lines form very prominent obstructions, and the ridges to the south and southwest are so close to the airport that any attempt during single-engine operation to make a left turn and proceed eastward up the Kanawha Valley would be attended by serious risks. ”

“ Unless the pilot is highly skilled in instrument flying and can reorient himself by use of the other instruments in the cockpit, this period of disorientation can be fatal.
All pilots who have received instrument training utilizing the artificial horizon are advised not to rely upon the attitude gyro unless sufficient experience has been gained under simulated instrument conditions to insure competence with this instrument. ”

“ An air carrier operating certificate may be issued by the Administrator to an applicant after approval of application made and proof submitted in connection therewith, if the Administrator finds, after investigation, that such person is properly and adequately equipped and able to conduct a safe operation in accordance with the requirements of the Act and the applicable rules, regulations, and standards prescribed thereunder for such operation. ”

“ Western Air Lines, Inc., is a scheduled air carrier incorporated in the state of Delaware with its principal business office at Los Angeles, California. It operates under a currently effective certificate of public convenience and necessity issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board and an air carrier operating certificate issued by the Civil Aeronautics Administration. ”

“ Requiring air carriers to include in operations or pilot manuals instructions setting forth the amount of power which can reasonably be taken from engines under emergency conditions; and Requiring air carriers to provide and require the use of a cockpit "check list" for each type of aircraft operated by them, and to provide appropriate instructions governing the use of such "check list" by pilots. That the Administrator indicate in the aircraft operation record for air carrier aircraft that the engine limitations therein prescribed are not applicable in the event of an emergency. ”

“ The conventional artificial horizon provides a direct reading indication of the bank and pitch attitude of the aircraft which is accurately indicated by a miniature aircraft pictorially displayed against a horizon bar and as if observed from the rear. ”

“ No airplane which has been certificated as a basic type in accordance with the transport category requirements of Part 04 shall be deemed adequate for use in scheduled air transportation unless it can meet the requirements of § 61.712 over each route to be flown ”

“ The PCA Superintendent of Maintenance testified that "34 inches of manifold pressure at 2200 r.p.m. is normal take-off power. However, instructions are also set up that for maximum power 351⁄2 inches at 2200 r.p.m. is permissible." He further stated that he believed "the engine could be operated at short intervals up to 40 inches" manifold pressure and that the engine "could be used in extreme emergency up to that 40 inches, as a last resort, without giving any further thought than to avoid an accident." ”

“ Applicant shall show that there is installed in each aircraft a type certificated radio antenna system, which has for its purpose the collection of radio range signals, weather broadcast and emergency messages transmitted within the frequency range of 200 to 400 kilocycles. The design of this antenna system shall be such as to eliminate insofar as possible, consistent with the advancement of the art, that type of interference commonly known as rain, snow, sleet, or dust static. ”

“ Operating procedures which, in the opinion of the Administrator, will assure that such aircraft will be capable of effecting a safe landing at an airport or other suitable area in the event of the failure of any one engine at any point on the route on which such aircraft will be operated. ”

“ No multi—engine land aircraft shall be operated, over water, beyond gliding distance from shore without the aid of power, unless such aircraft is equipped with a retractable landing gear, with one or more suitable emergency exists located in the upper half of the fuselage, with life preservers or other adequate flotation devices readily available for each person on board, with a Very pistol and cartridges or equivalent signal equipment deemed suitable by the Administrator, and with radio equipment as required by §§ 40.253, 40.2530, and 40.2531. ”

“ It was revealed during the course of the investigation that, while PCA required in the use of Douglas DC-3 airplanes a definite established cockpit procedure by which the captain and first officer checked with each other the setting of various navigation instruments and the operation of the cockpit controls, no such procedure was required by the company in the use of its Boeing Model 247D airplanes. ”

“ Applicant shall show an adequate two-way ground to aircraft communication system which, under normal operating conditions, shall be capable of maintaining communication with all aircraft of the applicant in flight over the proposed regular or alternate route. ”