John Stuart Mill

“ The Rent of Land is the Excess of its Return above the Return to the worst Land in Cultivation. § 4. -Or to the Capital employed in the least advantageous Circumstances. § 5. Opposing Views of the Law of Rent. § 6. Rent does not enter into the Cost of Production of Agricultural Produce. Book III. Exchange. Chapter I. Of Value. § 1. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price. § 2. Conditions of Value: Utility, Difficulty of Attainment, and Transferableness. § 3. Commodities limited in Quantity by the law of Demand and Supply: General working of this Law. ”

“ Values of the different kinds of agricultural produce. Chapter XIII. Of International Trade. § 1. Cost of Production not a regulator of international values. Extension of the word "international." § 2. Interchange of commodities between distance places determined by differences not in their absolute, but in the comparative, costs of production. § 3. The direct benefits of commerce consist in increased Efficiency of the productive powers of the World. ”

“ Examination of the gain arising from the increase and issue of paper Currency. § 6. Résumé of the subject of money. Chapter XI. Of Excess Of Supply. § 1. The theory of a general Over-Supply of Commodities stated. § 2. The supply of commodities in general can not exceed the power of Purchase. § 3. There can never be a lack of Demand arising from lack of Desire to Consume. § 4. Origin and Explanation of the notion of general Over-Supply. Chapter XII. Of Some Peculiar Cases Of Value. § 1. Values of commodities which have a joint cost of production. ”

“ Effect on Wages of the Competition of Persons having other Means of Support. § 4. Wages of Women, why Lower than those of Men. § 5. Differences of Wages Arising from Laws, Combinations, or Customs. Chapter V. Of Profits. § 1. Profits include Interest and Risk; but, correctly speaking, do not include Wages of Superintendence. § 2. The Minimum of Profits; what produces Variations in the Amount of Profits. § 3. General Tendency of Profits to an Equality. § 4. The Cause of the Existence of any Profit; the Advances of Capitalists consist of Wages of Labor. ”

“ Chapter IV. Consequences Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum, And The Stationary State. § 1. Abstraction of Capital not necessarily a national loss. § 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detrimental but beneficial to Laborers. § 3. Stationary state of wealth and population dreaded by some writers, but not in itself undesirable. Chapter V. On The Possible Futurity Of The Laboring-Classes. § 1. The possibility of improvement while Laborers remain merely receivers of Wages. ”

“ Chapter IV. Fundamental Propositions Respecting Capital. § 1. Industry is Limited by Capital. § 2. Increase of Capital gives Increased Employment to Labor, Without Assignable Bounds. § 3. Capital is the result of Saving, and all Capital is Consumed. ”

“ Demand for Commodities is not Demand for Labor. Chapter V. On Circulating And Fixed Capital. § 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital. § 2. Increase of Fixed Capital, when, at the Expense of Circulating, might be Detrimental to the Laborers. § 3. -This seldom, if ever, occurs. Chapter VI. Of Causes Affecting The Efficiency Of Production. § 1. General Causes of Superior Productiveness. § 2. Combination and Division of Labor Increase Productiveness. § 3. Advantages of Division of Labor. § 4. Production on a Large and Production on a Small Scale. Chapter VII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Labor. ”

“ Chapter XXI Of The Evidence Of The Law Of Universal Causation. Chapter XXII Of Uniformities Of Co-Existence Not Dependent On Causation. Chapter XXIV Of The Remaining Laws Of Nature. Chapter XXV Of The Grounds Of Disbelief. Book IV Of Operations Subsidiary To Induction. Chapter I Of Observation And Description. Chapter II Of Abstraction, Or The Formation Of Conceptions. Chapter III Of Naming, As Subsidiary To Induction. Chapter IV Of The Requisites Of A Philosophical Language, And The Principles Of Definition. Chapter V On The Natural History Of The Variations In The Meaning Of Terms. ”

“ The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses 251 2. Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumstances exaggerated or omitted 255 3. Some of the first principles of geometry are axioms, and these are not hypothetical 256 4. ”

“ Prejudice, that a phenomenon cannot have more than one cause 329 8. Prejudice, that the conditions of a phenomenon must resemble the phenomenon 332 [Pg xii]
Chapter IV. Fallacies of Observation. § 1. Non-observation, and Mal-observation 341 2. Non-observation of instances, and non-observation of circumstances 341 3. Examples of the former 342 4. —and of the latter 347 5. Mal-observation characterized and exemplified 352
Chapter V. Fallacies of Generalization. § 1. Character of the class 356 2. Certain kinds of generalization must always be groundless 356 3. ”

“ Chapter II. Of Wages. § 1. Of Competition and Custom. § 2. The Wages-fund, and the Objections to it Considered. § 3. Examination of some popular Opinions respecting Wages. § 4. Certain rare Circumstances excepted, High Wages imply Restraints on Population. § 5. Due Restriction of Population the only Safeguard of a Laboring-Class. Chapter III. Of Remedies For Low Wages. § 1. A Legal or Customary Minimum of Wages, with a Guarantee of Employment. § 2. -Would Require as a Condition Legal Measures for Repression of Population. § 3. Allowances in Aid of Wages and the Standard of Living. ”

“ Effects of discriminating Duties. § 6. Effects produced on international Exchange by Duties on Exports and on Imports. Chapter IV. Comparison Between Direct And Indirect Taxation. § 1. Arguments for and against direct Taxation. § 2. What forms of indirect taxation are most eligible? § 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation. § 4. Taxation systems of the United States and other Countries. § 5. A Résumé of the general principles of taxation. Chapter V. Of A National Debt. ”

“ Dr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined 264
Chapter VI. The same Subject continued. § 1. All deductive sciences are inductive 281 2. The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience 284 3. In what sense hypothetical 289 4. The characteristic property of demonstrative science is to be hypothetical 290 5. Definition of demonstrative evidence 292
Chapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to the preceding doctrines. § 1. Doctrine of the Universal Postulate 294 2. ”

“ It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation 110 6. —or a resemblance 112 7. Propositions of which the terms are abstract 115 [Pg xiii]
Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal. § 1. Essential and Accidental propositions 119 2. All essential propositions are identical propositions 120 3. Individuals have no essences 124 4. Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal 126 5. Two modes of representing the import of a Real proposition 127
Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables. § 1. ”