Ruth Sawyer Harvey

“ On the west, gravel beds lie against rock and till; on the east, deposits of sand and coarse gravel form a bench or terrace from 500 to 700 feet broad, which after following the side of the valley for one-half mile, crosses it diagonally and joins the western slope as a row of rounded hills. Through this drift the present stream has cut a narrow channel. ”

“ I. From the mouth of Wood Creek to Jerusalem, Rocky River is a quiet stream wandering between low banks through flat meadows, which are generally swampy almost to the foot of the bordering hills.
Near Jerusalem bridge two small branches enter Rocky River. Immediately north of the bridge is a level swampy area about one-half mile in length. Where the valley closes in again, bedrock is exposed near the stream, and beginning at a point one-half mile below (north of) Jerusalem, Rocky River--a swift torrent choked by boulders of great size--deserves its name. ”

“ GLACIAL DEPOSITS BEAVER BROOK SWAMP
A broad belt of limestone extends along the eastern side of the granite ridge of Shelter Rock and in preglacial time formed a broad-bottomed valley whose master stream had reached old age. When the glacier came it hampered the drainage by scooping out the rock bottom of the valley in places and by dropping deposits at the mouth of Beaver Brook valley, thus forming Beaver Brook Swamp or "The Flat," as it is called (fig. 6) . ”

“ The Danbury region of Connecticut presents many features of geographic and geologic interest. It may be regarded as a type area, for the history of its streams and the effects of glaciation are representative of those of the entire State. With this idea in mind, the field work on which this study is based included a traverse of each stream valley and an examination of minor features, as well as a consideration of the broader regional problems. ”

“ East of the valley, and about 11⁄2 miles north of the cemetery, is a broad, flat-topped ridge of till with rock exposed at the ends, forming a barrier which doubtless existed in preglacial time. West of the valley is a hill with rock foundation rounded out on the northeast side by a mass of drift. ”

“ North of Bethel the Umpog occupies an open valley developed in limestone. Knolls of limestone rise to heights of about 40 feet above the floor of the valley and their upper surfaces are cut across the highly, tilted beds. This truncation, together with a general correspondence in height, suggests that these knolls, as well as the rock terraces found between Bethel and West Redding, and the limestone ridge which forms the divide itself, are portions of what was once a more continuous terrace produced by stream erosion and that they determine a former river level. ”

“ Till containing medium-sized boulders of granodiorite-gneiss occurs along the road which borders the east side of the densely wooded swamp.
Along the northeastern border of the swamp is a flat-topped terrace of till, perhaps a lateral moraine, through which a small stream heading to the north has cut a V-shaped ravine. A lobe of fine till extends into the valley from the northeast and narrows the outlet.
Between the railroad and highway, which cross the northern end of the swamp, is an irregular wooded eminence of rock, partly concealed by a veneer of drift. ”

“ These broad expanses are, in fact, local peneplains developed on areas of soluble limestone. The rock has dissolved and the plain so produced has been made more nearly level by a coating of peat and glacial sand. In a region of level and undisturbed strata, such as the Ohio or Mississippi Valley, a constant relation may exist between the size of a stream and the valley made by it; but in a region of complicated geologic structure, such as western Connecticut, where rocks differ widely in their resistance to erosion, the same result is not to be expected. ”

“ Along the valley are outcrops of schist, and granite rock is present on both sides of the valley for a distance of about one-quarter mile. Part of the valley is a mere cleft cut in the rock and is unglaciated. At the Danbury Fair Grounds the valley opens out into a marshy plain, through which the river meanders and receives two tributaries from the south. The plain, which extends beyond Lake Kanosha on the west, has a generally level surface but is diversified in places by mounds of stratified drift. ”

“ Although the valley of the Housatonic near New Milford is very flat, as is natural where a river crosses a belt of weak rock, the outcrops are sufficiently numerous to show that it has not been overdeepened. The limestone area along the East Aspetuck is largely overlain by till, but here again the presence of rock in place shows that the valley has not been overdeepened. Moreover, limestone boulders in the southern part of Still River valley are not as abundant as they should be under the hypothesis that the northern part had been gouged out extensively. ”

“ The plain is simply a local expansion of a valley which on each side is much narrower. No other river than the one flowing through it can have been responsible for the erosion, for the plain is enclosed by hills of gneiss and schist (Pl. III) .
At Mill Plain the valley is crowded by ragged rock outcrops which jut into the lowland. Here the river occupies a ravine cut in till near the north side of the valley. West of Mill Plain station the valley is encumbered with ridges of stratified drift, interspersed with heavy accumulations of till. ”

“ After the limestone had been worn down to approximate baselevel, the tendency of the Still would have been to seek an outlet farther south in order to shorten its course and reach a lower level on the Housatonic. This stage in the evolution of the river may not have been reached before the ice age, and it is thus possible that glacial deposits may have pushed the river to the extreme southern side of its valley, superimposed it over rock, and forced it to cut its way down to grade. ”

“ The conclusion that the Still-Umpog was not reversed by a glacial dam does not preclude the possibility that this valley has been occupied by a south-flowing stream. It is probable that in an early stage in the development of the drainage, the streams of the Danbury region reached Long Island Sound by way of the Still-Umpog-Saugatuck valley. Along this route, as described under the heading "The Still-Saugatuck Divide," is a fairly broad continuous valley at a higher level than the beds of the present rivers. ”

“ DIVIDES IN THE HIGHLANDS SOUTH OF DANBURY
The mountain mass to the south and southwest of Danbury, including Town Hill and Spruce, Moses, and Thomas mountains, is traversed by a series of parallel gorges trending nearly north and south (fig. 2) . About midway in each valley is a col, separating north and south-flowing streams. Two of the valleys, those between Spruce and Moses mountains, and Thomas Mountain and Town Hill, form fairly low and broad passes. They were examined to see whether either could have afforded a southerly outlet for Still River. ”

“ The accumulations of stratified drift are distinguished from other features in the landscape by their smoother and rounder outlines, by their habit of lying unconformably on the bedrock without reference to old erosion lines, and by a slightly different tone in the color of the vegetation covering the water-laid material. ”

“ The modern drainage system may be assumed to have been at first consequent, that is, dependent for its direction on the slope of the uplifted plain, but it was not long before the effect of geologic structure began to make itself felt. ”

“ These streams, however, and others so far as could be determined, were found to have normal profiles; that is, their grades become increasingly flatter toward their mouths. The streams are cutting [038] through the till cover and are not building alluvial cones where they join the lowland. All their features, in fact, are characteristic of normal stream development.
Throughout the length of the valley, rock outcrops are found near the surface, showing that the changes produced by the glacier were due to scouring rather than to the accumulation of glacial material. ”

“ Although the regional slope of western Connecticut as a whole is contrary to that of Still River, there is no marked lowering of the hill summits between the source of the river and its mouth. As branches on the south side of the Housatonic are naturally to be expected, there is nothing unusual in the Still flowing in opposition to the regional slope, except that it flows toward the north instead of the northeast. ”

“ At Lanesville near the mouth of the Still, the river has cut a gorge 30 feet deep and one-quarter mile long in the limestone. Upstream from this gorge the river meanders widely in a flat valley, whereas on the downstream side it has cut a deep channel in the drift in order to reach the level of the Housatonic. There is room in the drift-covered plain to the west for a buried channel of Still River which could join the Housatonic at any point between New Milford and Stillriver station. ”

“ Exact measurements of the drift in the upper Still valley are needed in order to establish this hypothesis completely and to plot the old channel, but the position of the rock floor of the former channel extending westward from the Fair Grounds may be fixed approximately. The rock at the assumed divide now stands at 420 feet above sea-level and it is reasonable to assume that ten feet has been removed by glacial scouring and postglacial erosion, making the original elevation 430 feet. ”

“ The rock composing the mountains is granite-gneiss and schist with an average strike of N 30?W, or very nearly in line with the trend of the valleys. The gneiss was found to be characteristic of the high ridges and schist to be more common in the valleys. No outcrops of limestone were found on the ridges, but at two or three localities limestone in place was found on low ground. From the facts observed it is evident that the stronger features of the relief are due to the presence of bodies of resistant rock, whereas the valleys are due to the presence of softer rock. ”

“ The plan of the valley with its broad mouth to the north favored glacial scour so that the ice widened and deepened the valley and gave it a U form. Scouring and filling are believed to have been about equal in amount, and the present height of the divide, about 470 feet, may be taken as the preglacial elevation. This is 70 feet higher than the rock floor of the divide at West Redding. ”

“ Between Neversink Pond and Danbury extends a deep rock valley, in places filled with drift. As has been shown, this valley was probably occupied in preglacial time by Rocky River, which then flowed southward. At its southern end is Still River, which flows through Danbury from west to east.
The most important tributary of the Still rises northwest of the city, just beyond the New York-Connecticut boundary line, and has two forks. The northern fork, which drains East Lake, Padanaram Reservoir, and Margerie Pond, flows along the northeast side of Clapboard Ridge. ”

“ Rocky hills border the valley and rise abruptly from the lowland. The few tributaries of the river in this part of its course are normal in direction.
About six miles below Sherman, Rocky River enters Wood Creek Swamp, which is 51⁄2 miles long by about one mile wide and completely covers the valley floor, extending even into tributary valleys. Within the swamp the river is joined by Squantz Pond Brook and Wood Creek. Tributaries to Wood Creek include Mountain Brook and the stream passing through Barses Pond and Neversink Pond. ”

“ The lobes of stratified drift extending from the ridge may have been built first, and later the connecting ridge of gravel which forms the top of the hill may have accumulated as additional material was washed in, tying together the ridges of gravel along their western ends. ”

“ The present profile of Rocky River and the singular manner in which the lower course of the river is doubled back on the upper course are believed to represent changes wrought by glaciation. Before the advent of the glacier, Rocky River probably flowed southward through the "Neversink-Danbury Valley," to be described later, and joined the Still at Danbury, as shown in fig. 4. The profile of the stream at this stage in its history is shown in fig. ”

“ The material of the eskers ranges from coarse sand to pebbles four inches in diameter, the average size being from one to two inches. No exposures were observed which showed a regular diminution in the coarseness of the material toward their southern end. ”