European Union law

“ Any measure, not based on prudential considerations, establishing privileged access by Community institutions or bodies, central governments, regional, local or other public authorities, other bodies governed by public law, or public undertakings of Member States to financial institutions shall be prohibited. ”

“ The Charter does not extend the field of application of Union law beyond the powers of the Union or establish any new power or task for the Union, or modify powers and tasks as defined in the Treaties. ”

“ With a view to preserving a robust and comprehensive framework for State aid control that prevents undue distortions of trade and competition, the Union State aid law provisions listed in Annex 8 to this Protocol shall apply to the United Kingdom, in respect of measures which affect that trade between the parts of the single customs territory which is subject to Annex 2. However, in respect of such measures of the United Kingdom authorities, references to the European Commission in those Union law provisions shall be read as referring to the independent authority referred to in Article 9. ”

“ The Czech Republic stresses that its provisions are addressed to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law, and not when they are adopting and implementing national law independently from Union law. ”

“ Where it is provided, in a common position or in a joint action adopted according to the provisions of the Treaty on European Union relating to the common foreign and security policy, for an action by the Community to interrupt or to reduce, in part or completely, economic relations with one or more third countries, the Council shall take the necessary urgent measures. ”

“ Reflecting the will of the citizens and States of Europe to build a common future, this Constitution establishes the European Union, on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common. The Union shall coordinate the policies by which the Member States aim to achieve these objectives, and shall exercise on a Community basis the competences they confer on it. ”

“ European integration and EU law were in this way not only integral to governing the relationships between European states, but also to the reconstitution of Europe’s relationship to the outside world. This applied to the world’s two superpowers, but also to the (former) colonies. The new European public law order, in other words, did not merely reconstitute the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ aspects of Droit Public de l’Europe (constitutional law and international law between ‘civilised’ nations) . ”

“ In today’s world, where more or less the entire globe is parcelled into nation-states, the EU appears as an exception and a mystery; somehow ‘more’ than an international organisation yet ‘less’ than a new sovereign state.
Yet this global legal order is, in historical terms, recent. For most of modernity, European jurists would have found it absurd to think of political communities outside Europe in terms of sovereignty. [26] Sovereignty only pertained to the world of ‘civilised’, that is, ‘European’ states. ”

“ The term ‘public statements made by public authorities’ should be understood to be any statement which refers to a criminal offence and which emanates from an authority involved in the criminal proceedings concerning that criminal offence, such as judicial authorities, police and other law enforcement authorities, or from another public authority, such as ministers and other public officials, it being understood that this is without prejudice to national law regarding immunity. ”

“ The principle of effectiveness of Union law requires that Member States put in place adequate and effective remedies in the event of a breach of a right conferred upon individuals by Union law. An effective remedy, which is available in the event of a breach of any of the rights laid down in this Directive, should, as far as possible, have the effect of placing the suspects or accused persons in the same position in which they would have found themselves had the breach not occurred, with a view to protecting the right to a fair trial and the rights of the defence. ”

“ In contrast, the provision in Article 21 (1) does not create any power to enact anti-discrimination laws in these areas of Member State or private action, nor does it lay down a sweeping ban of discrimination in such wide-ranging areas. Instead, it only addresses discriminations by the institutions and bodies of the Union themselves, when exercising powers conferred under the Treaties, and by Member States only when they are implementing Union law. Paragraph 1 therefore does not alter the extent of powers granted under Article 19 nor the interpretation given to that Article. ”