Gino Corsini Acuña

“ T lymphocytes: also called T cell. They are an important type of lymphocytes that maintain the immune system and are essential to fight against pathogenic microorganisms. There are two main types of T lymphocytes, Cytotoxic T cell (Tc) and the T helper cells (Th) . The Tc look for antigen infected cells in the body. When a Tc recognizes an antigen bound to a cell, it adheres to the surface of the infected cell and produces toxic molecules, killing the cell. ”

“ However, Infection does not necessarily lead to disease. If the host’s immune system acts appropriately, the person can be infected not having the symptoms. Additionally, bacteria are not the only microorganisms able to make human beings sick. ”

“ GENOME EDITING
For decades, people have been yearning for being able to permanently alter the DNA, by inserting or deleting genes or specific pieces of DNA. The reason is that this process can be applied to agronomy, veterinary and human medicine. ”

“ One advantage of DNA vaccines is that they can be easily produced and stored, while the main problem is that it is not possible to know for certain if this DNA can integrate into a chromosome in the cells or cause mutations in the genome of the patient that receives the vaccine. ”

“ Fruits and vegetables, especially those that we eat raw, we must properly soak, wash and rinse to eliminate dirt, insects and bacteria residues. When they are not properly clean, you may get a gastrointestinal disease. ”

“ In the acute phase of cholera, the loss of water from the small intestine is greater than the reabsorption in the large intestine, resulting in a major loss of fluids. Approximately, five percent of people infected with V. cholerae may present a severe cholera disease, which is characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. ”

“ In addition, it is essential to properly wash the kitchen utensils, especially those used to handle raw meat. Bacteria present in the meat die when the meat is cooked, but if raw vegetables are prepared with the same unwashed utensils, it is possible those bacteria cause an infection or food poisoning. ”

“ The lack of proper and timely treatment can lead to death within hours.
A person can get cholera by eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the feces of an infected person.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
The microbial colonization and spread in the urogenital epithelium cause urinary tract infections (UTI) . It is usually a bacterial infection and affects the bladder causing cystitis.
Most of the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections are Enterobacter species, particularly Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. ”

“ He is a restless scientist (Biochemist of Universidad de Chile. Chemistry Ph.D. of the Northwestern University, and postdoctoral researcher at the University of California) , and an entrepreneur by nature (he founded the biotechnology companies Chiron Corporation and BiosChile) . Dr. Valenzuela developed the vaccine against Hepatitis B, sequenced the genome of the immunodeficiency virus, and under his direction, the Hepatitis C virus was discovered. He currently works at the Foundation Science and Life, searching for new drugs to treat cancer. ”

“ The bacterium adheres to mucous cells, enters them and proliferates. Then, it enters the subepithelial space where produces the infection. Structures in the bacterial surface, such as pili or fimbriae, and adhesins proteins, are important for the initial adhesion.
Effect in women
In women, the N. gonorrhoeae can be found in the reproductive tract (including Fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix) , and the infection may be asymptomatic.
An untreated gonococcal infection can cause acute pelvic inflammatory disease due to the colonization of the bacteria. ”

“ Tetanus is a disease caused by a microorganism called Clostridium tetani. Its natural environment is the soil and occasionally causes illness in animals. The bacterium can infect a deep wound and secrete a toxin that reaches the neurons. ”

“ The incubation process consists in placing the inoculated plates in a place where bacteria can grow. Leave the plates upside down at room temperature for 48 hours and in a place with no direct light. Then, analyze the colonies present in the agar and compare color, texture, form, etc.
After two days, you can store the plates in a refrigerator (4 a 6oC) for a couple of days.
Activity No3
“Growing microorganisms that live in our body”
Materials:
• Cotton swabs
• 2 Petri dishes
• Permanent marker
Using a swab, take a sample from inside the nose of a classmate. ”

“ The most often microorganisms used in this type of vaccines are vaccinia virus, some nonpathogenic lactic acid bacteria and attenuated variants of M. tuberculosis and Salmonella Typhi. The main problem with this type of vaccines is the insufficient immune response.
LIVE ATTENUATED
These vaccines contain microorganisms cultivated under controlled conditions where they lost or attenuated their pathogenic properties. They develop longer immune response and are commonly used in adults. ”

“ They are complex and evolved cells. Inside, there are membranous organelles. This cell type can be animal or plant.
Gram’s method or Gram stain: It is a method created by Christian Gram in 1884 to distinguish and differentiate bacteria under the microscope. The first step is the application of a crystal violet stain. Then, there is the decolorization with ether and/or acetone. Gram-positive bacteria retain the first stain, causing it to look violet or dark blue under a microscope. Gram-negative bacteria become decolorized. ”

“ Assess information to know if it is true, check the references and don’t be fooled by the sensationalism of magazines, blogs, opinion columns or socials networks that don’t include the references of scientifically proven studies. Be careful with fake news.
Prevention is the best way to avoid catching bacterial infectious diseases. ”

“ The microbial invaders will be primed and ready to leave your body to return to their original host. You must ejaculate the microbes in as close a proximity as possible to that person's cranial orifices. The microbes will see this an opportunity to return to a host in which they thrived and as such the ejaculate will consist of nearly %100 microbes that originated from the other individual as they are magnetized to the surface by the initial massage. ”

“ The anti-vaccination groups or movement are present in developed and developing countries and have similar arguments. They oppose vaccines arguing that they may cause side effects, disorders such as autism or ischemic strokes with time. ”

“ Nearly every single microbe that you've contracted from that person will be brought to the surface to be expelled. The next step involves the same individual orally stimulating the sexual organs of the contaminated. ”

“ In general, the innate and acquired immune responses are not activated independently. Their optimal performance is when they complement each other.
In particular, the AIS’ antibodies are able to direct the IIS’ components toward the relevant objects. ”

“ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academy of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Human Gene Editing: Scientific, Medical, and Ethical Considerations. ”

“ Distribute the content in the three bottles (1 cup per bottle) . In the first bottle, add 5 tablespoons of salt. In the second one, add 5 spoons of vinegar. And in the third one, do not add anything. The third one will be the control bottle. Label each bottle to easily distinguish them and place them in a warm place. Incubate for five days. After the incubation period, analyze the bottles and compare their turbidity or lack of transparency. Higher turbidity levels indicate greater growth of microorganisms. ”

“ Here, it causes severe neurological symptoms that can be fatal since it generates an uncontrollable contraction of the muscles. If the respiratory muscles are affected, it may lead to death by suffocation. ”

“ Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance. National Academies Press, USA.
Turksen K. (2016) . Genome Editing. Editorial Springer, Suiza. Watson J. (2008) . Molecular biology of the gene. Panamericana Publishing House, 5th edition, Spain.
Marchesi J. (2014) . The Human Microbiota and Microbiome. Editorial CABI, Inglaterra. Mönckeberg, F. y Corsini, G. (2011) Intestinal microbiota, metabolism and caloric balance. Revista Chilena de Nutrición 38: 477-481
Olds W. (2014) . Health and the Gut: The Emerging Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Disease and Therapeutics. ”

“ Finally, a secondary stain (safranin) is added and Gram-negative bacteria will appear pink.
Immunological memory: it is the ability of rapid immune response against an agent that already had contact with the immune system. ”

“ Microbiota and metabolism: metabolism: the importance of the microbiota in the correct physiological functioning. 3Ciencias Publishing House, 1st edition, Spain.
Rey E., Kalergis A. (2017) . Immunological features of respiratory syncytial virus-caused pneumonia- implications for vaccine design. International Journal of molecular sciences, 18 (3) .
Villa L.L., Valenzuela P.D.T., Socías M., Roberts S., Burzio L.O. (2012) . Expression of ncmtRNA is modulated by high risk HPV oncogenes. J. Biol. Chem. ”

“ Expression of mitochondrial ncRNAs is modulated by high risk HPV oncogenes. J. Biological Chemistry, 287:21303-21315.
Valenzuela P., Tekamp-Olson P., Coit D. (1984) . Hepatitis B vaccine: Characterization of hepatitis B antigen particles produced in yeast. Proceedings of the Symposium on Modern Approaches to Vaccines (R. Charnock and R. Lerner, Eds) Cold Spring Harbor, NY:209–21.
Bacteria, why do they make me sick? is a book that aims to familiarize us with the tiny and invisible world of the microorganisms we live and constantly interact without even noticing it. ”