“ The soil belongs theoretically to the Negus; the idea of landed property scarcely exists among the populace, and agriculture is therefore backward. Cotton, the sugar-cane, date-palm, coffee, and vine might thrive well in many districts, but are nowhere extensively cultivated. The production of Harari coffee (long berry Mocha) is on the increase. Besides this, which is cultivated, there grows more especially in southern and western Abyssinia a wild coffee plant, yielding a berry known as Abyssinian coffee, which may have commercial possibilities in the future. ”

“ Placer gold mining and washing are carried on in many districts; coal is known to exist in the country; silver, copper, and sulphur have been found.
Commerce. The value of exports and imports through Jibuti in 1910 was about 950,147 £., and in 1911, 818,030 £., and through Garabela and Western Abyssinia to the Sudan in 1911, 116,432 £., besides British East Africa, Zeila, and the Italian Colonies trade. The exports by Jibuti were estimated at about 469,484 £., and through Gambela and Western Abyssinia, 75,509 £. ”

“ In the present issue special attention is drawn to the introductory matter and maps and to the "Additions and Corrections." As far as possible the changes which have taken place in the relations of certain states—Tripoli, Morocco, China, the Balkan Peninsula—have been dealt with. Under Canada a separate notice of each province has been added, while in other directions, as in agricultural statistics, considerable additions have been made. Throughout, the statistical and other information has been brought up to the latest available date. ”

“ Servia and Montenegro and Russia declare war on Turkey.
New Turkish constitution proclaimed (in abeyance, 1878–1908) .
1877. Deposition of Prince Milan of Servia by Turkey.
1878. Insurrections in Crete, Thessaly, etc.; peace of San Stefano with Russia; Cyprus ceded to Great Britain; Berlin conference and treaty; Bulgaria created an autonomous principality tributary to Turkey; Independence of Montenegro and Rumania and Servia; Eastern Rumelia created a province.
1879. Treaty of peace with Russia. ”

“ The population of Harrar is estimated at 50,000, at Deré Dawa there are a considerable number of Europeans. Gambela in Western Abyssinia is a trading station leased to the Sudan Government. It is an important outlet for the trade in the West. ”

“ Crown Prince made Viceroy Norway.
1890–1905. Disagreements of Norway with Sweden on conditions of union.
1905. Union dissolved; kingdom of Norway recognised by Sweden after referendum and conference; Prince Charles of Denmark elected as King Haakon VII of Norway.
1907. Treaty guaranteeing integrity of Norway by Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia; death of King Oscar II of Sweden; accession of
King Gustav V. Spain.
1863. War in Santo Domingo. 1864. War with Peru (peace, 1866) .
1865. Santo Domingo abandoned; war with Chile (ended 1866) ; military insurrection in Spain. ”

“ A Council of Ministers has been constituted by the Emperor, Ministers being appointed for Justice, Finance, Commerce, War, Foreign Affairs, Posts and Telegraphs, Interior, and a sort of Lord Privy Seal. The most important Minister is the Minister of War. ”

“ Paraguayan troops invade Brazil; alliance of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay against Paraguay.
1866. Chile-Bolivian boundary treaty.
1863–6. Wars of Peru and Chile against Spain; failure of Spanish operations.
1870. Final defeat of Paraguay (see 1864, above) ; constitution formulated.
1873. Argentine-Brazilian treaty.
1874. Secret agreement between Bolivia and Peru against Chilean encroachment.
1876. Brazilian troops finally withdrawn from Paraguay.
1879–83. Chilean wars against Peru and Bolivia; success of Chile; Bolivia cedes coast lands (1883) , Peru cedes Tarapaca (1884) . ”

“ Education has hitherto been restricted to the teaching of the secular and regular clergy, but in October, 1907, the Emperor issued an edict enjoining compulsory education on all male children over the age of 12. ”

“ The regular army, consisting of contingents from the various provinces, numbers about 150,000 men, and is supplemented by irregulars and a territorial army. Theoretically, but not in fact, every man in the regular army is mounted. The forces are stationed in garrisons over the country. At Adis Ababa are 7 batteries of artillery and mitrailleuses taken at the battle of Adua. ”

“ Macedonian reform schemes discussed between Powers and Turkey.
1905. Aden boundary question settled between Great Britain and Turkey.
International financial control scheme accepted by Turkey after naval demonstration by Powers.
1908. Bulgaria declares independence; prince assumes title of tsar (recognised 1909) .
Hejaz railway opened to Medina.
"Young Turks'" revolution; constitution of 1876 revived.
1909. Counter-revolution in Constantinople; Sultan Abdul Hamid deposed; his brother proclaimed as Mohamed V.
Bulgarian agreements with Russia and Turkey. ”

“ Buenos Ayres established as capital of Argentina (following dispute and insurrection) .
1886. New Colombian constitution.
1888. Slavery abolislied in Brazil.
Dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over gold-mining territories.
1889. Expulsion of the Emperor from Brazil; proclamation of republic. Colombia-Venezuelan boundary settlement.
1892. Civil war in Venezuela foilowed by dispute with Powers over claims by their subjects for losses. ”

“ Costa Rica-Nicaraguan boundary settlement.
1890. Guatemala and Honduras again at war with Salvador.
1892. Prosecution of directors of Isthmian Canal.
1893. Honduras and Nicaragua at war (ended 1894) .
1895. Civil war in Cuba; Guatemala-Mexican boundary settlement.
1897. Settlement of boundary dispute between Mexico and Great Britain.
1898. Cuba under American authority; (Spanish-American war) .
1900. Costa Rica-Panama boundary settlement.
1902. Republic established in Cuba.
1903. Settlement of disputes between Guatemala and San Salvador. ”

“ Boundary dispute with French settled.
1902. Boundary between Algeria and Morocco settled; risings; Sultan defeated.
1903. Europeans forced to leave Fez; country in state of anarchy.
1904. Treaty between France and Spain in regard to Morocco.
1905. Further defeats of Sultan; arrival of German and British missions; French demands refused; Sultan accepts proposed conference (see further European Politics, above) .
1911. Serious disturbances; relief of
Fez. (b) America. Central America, with Mexico, Cuba, and Haiti. [2]
1863. Guatemala-San Salvador war. ”

“ Seychelles separated from Mauritius as independent colony.
1904. War with Kano (Nigeria) .
1905. Pacification of Northern Nigeria.
1907. British Central Africa protectorate officially styled Nyasaland protectorate.
1909. Southern boundary of Walfisch Bay with German territory referred to King of Spain's arbitration.
1912. Union of Northern and Southern Nigeria.}}
Canada. ”

“ Settlement of Mekong valley boundary dispute.
1897. Kiaochau Bay ceded to Germany.
1898. Occupation of Port Arthur by Russia and of Wei-hai-wei by Great Britain.
Kwang-su's measures of reform crushed by Dowager-Empress; Kwang-su kept prisoner.
1900. Boxer risings; siege of Peking legations.
1901. Peace concluded with allied forces.
1903–4. British armed mission from India into Tibet; Lhasa entered; flight of Dalai Lama; treaty. ”

“ Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Norway [see Scandinavia below] . Portugal.
1864. Boundary treaty with Spain. 1889. Death of King Luis I; accession of King Carlos.
1889–90. Dispute with Great Britain over East African territories; submission of Portugal; agreement.
1904. Portuguese-Dutch boundary in Timor settled by treaty.
1908. Assassination of the King and Crown Prince; accession of King Manuel.
1910. Revolution and proclamation of
republic. Russia.
1863. Rising in Poland. 1864. End of war in the Caucasus. ”

“ Daimios insurrection; victory of Mikado.
1870–2 seqq. Introduction and development of European methods, etc. (first railway, 1872) .
1875. New Constitution and Parliament.
1894–5. War with China.
1904–5. War with Russia; treaty of Portsmouth (U.S.A.)
1905. Anglo-Japanese alliance (renewed, 1911) .
1912. Death of the Mikado; Yoshihito
succeeds. Persia.
1895. Russo-Persian frontier commission. 1896. Assassination of Shah Nasr-ed-din; accession of Muzaffer-ed-din.
1902. Financial reform scheme with Belgian support.
1903. Commercial agreements with Russia and Great Britain. ”

“ British industrial commission received by President.
1903. Alaska boundary treaty; St. Louis exhibition.
1904. Arbitration treaty with Great Britain; Roosevelt re-elected president.
1908. Taft president.
1912. Dispute on Panama Canal Bill, providing free passage for American coast-wise shipping.
Woodrow Wilson president. EUROPEAN POLITICS (International) .
1863. Prussian aid for Russia in suppressing Polish insurrection.
Rise of Prussian and decline of French influence in European affairs; Schleswig-Holstein questions.
1864. War between Denmark and Germany. ”

“ Protectorate declared in Somaliland.
Responsible government in Mauritius.
1888. Foundations of Imperial British East Africa Company (concession of territory by Sultan of Zanzibar) .
Gambia separated from Sierra Leone as independent colony.
1890. Anglo-German convention. Uganda under I.B.E.A. Co. Protectorate over Zanzibar.
1891. Protectorate declared in Nyasaland (British Central Africa) .
1893. Evacuation of Uganda by I.B.E.A. Co.
1894. Protectorate declared in Uganda.
1895. I.B.E.A. Co. wound up; protectorate declared in East Africa.
1895–96. Expedition against Ashantis (W. Africa) ”

“ Outbreak of plague—Indian plague commission; Lord Curzon Viceroy.
1899. Expedition against Chamkanni tribe; new frontier policy; tribal militias.
Raid of Bhils; famine.
1901. New frontier province; famine; expedition against Mahsuds. ”

“ Treaty with France recognising French protectorate in Cambodia.
1874. Political constitution granted.
1893. French ultimatum and armed demonstration following encounter on the Mekong river; treaty concluded.
1904. Anglo-French agreement recognising
sphere of influence in Siam. ↑ This survey extends, as a rule, over fifty years, but some events subsequent to 1911 are included. Only the more important countries are dealt with individually. ↑ Internal disorders are for the most part excluded. ↑ Internal disorders are for the most part excluded. ”