William Charles Easdale

“ In approaching a subject upon which so much has already been written, it may be desirable to point out that the improvements which have taken place in recent years in connection with sewage disposal are so extensive and varied, and have developed at such a comparatively rapid rate, that most treatises now in existence are in many respects more or less out of date. ”

“ The essence of the system is the use of horizontal plates to receive and retain the deposit of solid matters in suspension in the sewage, so that they are decomposed or digested, after the settled liquid has been drawn off, by aerobic bacteria and other higher forms of life, including worms, all of which thrive only in the presence of air. The beds are filled with the raw sewage, which is then allowed to remain for a period of about two hours for quiescent settlement, after which the liquid is slowly drawn off. ”

“ General Construction.—The most important point to be borne in mind in constructing contact beds is, that they must be absolutely watertight. Should they leak in any way, the sewage may pass away untreated; or it may find its way into adjacent beds, and thus prevent these from being properly aerated during the periods of rest when empty. It is therefore evident that they should be constructed in a substantial manner. The floors are usually of concrete, and the thickness of the floor will depend upon the nature of the subsoil. ”

“ If for any reason the floors have to be laid upon made-up ground, provision should be made by means of piers or cross-walls, carried down to the solid subsoil to support the floor, independent of the made-up ground which is, in all cases, absolutely untrustworthy. The walls of the beds may be constructed either of concrete throughout or of brickwork in cement, and they should be of such a thickness that they will withstand the pressure of the head of water which would result if the beds were filled to the top of the walls. ”

“ Where the slope of the ground permits of the construction of the filters on or above the ground level, much expense for excavation may be avoided, so long as the base of the filter can be laid on solid ground. In cases where the site of the works is comparatively flat, it is impossible to avoid excavation, and other means must be adopted to keep the actual cost as low as possible consistent with efficiency. ”

“ On the face of it, the division of a filter into layers, each consisting of a different grade of material ranging from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top, would appear to be an excellent idea, but it is only those who have attempted to put this idea into practice who appreciate the extreme difficulty of carrying it out. With the exception of very small filters, where constant supervision and an unlimited amount of labour is available, it will be found impracticable under ordinary circumstances. ”

“ Some engineers hold the opinion that distribution over a large area of the material has no value, and that it matters little how the bed is filled so long as the liquid finds its way into the interstices of the material with as little disturbance as possible. ”

“ Another method of ensuring uniformity of flow over the whole area of a tank, is to arrange it in the form of a wedge, with the inlet at the 39 narrow end and the outlet in the form of a weir at the wide end. This form of tank is shown, Fig. 134, page 183, for settling out the humus in filter effluents. The same tank, with a greater depth, would be equally suitable as an ordinary sedimentation tank for sewage, and several could be arranged in such a way that three or four would form a half-circle, i.e. the angle between the two side walls of each tank would be 60 degrees or 45 degrees. ”

“ Where the levels involve the use of pumping plant, screens are a necessity, and, as the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal have expressed the opinion that all sewage should be screened, it will apparently be necessary to provide screens in all future schemes. ”

“ General Design.—Taking the latter case first, it should be observed that some engineers consider it desirable to construct retaining walls under all circumstances, but the author does not agree with this idea. In the first place the walls do not, of themselves, have any influence on the efficiency of the filters in producing a satisfactory effluent, and if a filter can be constructed without them there is no reason why they should not be omitted. ”

“ Some engineers are satisfied to use any kind of material which will not disintegrate rapidly, while others pin their faith to one particular kind. Again, the grading of the material is a matter upon which it is seldom possible to find two engineers in complete agreement. The opinion is frequently expressed that true economy consists in utilising local material as far as possible, sometimes even to the extent of adopting a local product, even though it is admittedly not so good as some other material which may cost slightly more for carriage from a distance. ”

“ If this idea were universally adopted, it would necessitate greater care in the construction of any storm-overflow required on the line of the outfall sewer itself before it reaches the works, but there are (or should be if the sewers were properly constructed) so few cases where the excess of flow, even during the heaviest rainfall, ever reaches six times the dry-weather flow, that the extra cost involved cannot be considered excessive if the greater certainty of securing satisfactory results at all times is taken into consideration. ”

“ During the minimum rate of flow of the sewage the conditions are still worse, and it is difficult to accept the theory that periods of rest for 71⁄2 minutes will compensate for excessive rates of distribution at four times the rate under continuous operation for periods of 21⁄2 min. at a time.
Those who advocate intermittent supply under all circumstances would appear to have lost sight of the fact that very ample periods of rest are already provided by all revolving distributors. ”

“ In other words, even during continuous distribution, the time allowed for rest and aeration is thirty times as much as that during which the sewage is actually being delivered to the filter, and there would thus appear to be no reason for unnecessarily adding to the periods of rest by means of dosing tanks, especially as such a course involves a greatly increased rate of distribution at all times when the discharge actually takes place. ”

“ In the first place, long and practical experience is necessary to enable an engineer to come to a decision as to what are the conditions under which any particular scheme is to be carried out, and which of them will have a bearing upon the methods to be adopted in the design of the works. A careful study of the fifth report of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, will show that they assume over 70 different sets of conditions under which percolating filters and contact beds may be adopted. ”

“ It frequently occurs, especially in small schemes, and in schemes where the percolating filters are preceded by contact beds or slate beds, that the rate of flow of the sewage is at times so low that it is not equal to the minimum volume required to operate the distributor, and, in the absence of any arrangement to overcome the difficulty, the distributor would cease to revolve and the sewage would trickle through the spray-holes without proper distribution. ”

“ As the measuring chamber fills, a portion of the sewage is allowed to pass from it into the balance drum, which is thus gradually filled, and at a given level its weight will suffice to overcome the counterbalance weights and the pressure of the sewage on the flap valve, and will open the latter, thus allowing a measured quantity of sewage to be discharged into the troughs or pipes for spreading over the filter. ”

“ When a tank is full, it flows into the float chamber, and the rise of the liquid in this pit lifts the float and opens the valve, thereby allowing the contents of the tank to escape. The float pit then slowly empties itself by means of a small outlet pipe, and the valve closes so that the tank is ready to receive more liquid. This apparatus can be arranged so as to fill a number of beds in rotation, the inlet valve to each pit being either opened or closed as required by the overflow of liquid from each 221 contact bed in turn. ”

“ Electric motors are usually adopted, but small oil or gas engines may be substituted when electric current is not available. The winding drums for the wire ropes are driven by belt gear of the usual type with fast and loose pulleys. The reversal of the drum when 143 the distributor reaches either end of the filter is accomplished by an automatic belt striking gear, and a float in the supply trough is used to cut out a distributor, or continue in action at a reduced rate, when the supply of sewage becomes insufficient to maintain the normal rate of distribution. ”

“ In recent years the provision of proper means of measuring and recording the flow of sewage at disposal works is becoming more general, but there are still a very large number of works at which it is impossible to obtain any trustworthy information as to the volume of sewage treated. ”

“ Substantial walls in brickwork, concrete, plain or reinforced, and of a suitable thickness to withstand with safety the pressures they are required to resist; sloping floors provided with suitable outlets for both liquid and solid contents at the bottom, and specially arranged inlets and outlets at the top. In connection with the floors, sufficient care has not always been devoted in the past to the consideration of the most convenient method to adopt, in view of the necessity of removing the sludge. ”