Injector

“ It is a fact that with all injectors as the vertical distance the injector lifts is increased, it requires a greater steam pressure to start the injector, and the highest steam pressure at which the injector will work is greatly decreased. If the feed water is heated, a greater steam pressure is required to start the injector and it will not work with as high steam pressure. The capacity of an injector is always decreased as the lift is increased, or the feed water heated. ”

“ If the water in the tank does not become heated, and no foreign substance is permitted to enter the injector, there is nothing to prevent its working properly as long as the conditions are within the range of a good injector. ”

“ When an injector receives a sudden shock, such as that produced by the passing of a locomotive over points, it is liable to "fly off"—that is, stop momentarily—and then send the steam and water through the overflow. ”

“ Universal double-tube injector (original Korting injector) . This instrument is the combination of two jets (see Figs. 545 and 546) ; it is proportioned for extreme temperature and for quick and strong action, which includes maximum high suction. The discharge is into the upper jet, where the water receives the additional strong impulse to carry it into the boiler. The pressure and volume from the lower jet corresponds to the steam pressure, and this is as it should be to answer the requirements of the upper or forcing jet. ”

“ It consists of a little glass tube, tapering sharply at one end. By drawing in my breath, I fill it with the liquid to be tested; I expel the contents by blowing. Its point is almost as fine as a hair and enables me to regulate the dose to the degree which I want. A cubic millimeter is the usual charge. The injection has to be made at parts that are generally covered with horn. So as not to break the point of my fragile instrument, I prepare the way with a needle, with which I prick the victim at the spot required. I insert the tip of the loaded injector in the hole thus made and I blow. ”

“ When working either an injector or ejector from a long lift or with a long pull through horizontal piping, it takes several minutes to exhaust the air from the pipe when steam is turned on, resulting in a considerable waste of steam each time the injector is started. This waste can be done away with by the use of a foot valve. ”

“ An Injector is an automatic machine attached to a boiler, for injecting or forcing water into it and at the same time heating the water to a very high temperature, which saves fuel and prevents the danger of sudden contraction of the plates and flues. It can be used independently and is indispensable on a farm engine. ”

“ To preserve a good working injector, the engineer should see that all the pipes and joints are kept perfectly tight. It is hard to keep pipes and joints tight when they are subjected to the continual jars a locomotive must stand; but injectors can not be depended on126 where there is a possibility of air mixing with the water. Leaky joints or pipes are particularly troublesome to lifting injectors; for air passes in, and keeps the steam-jet from forming a vacuum. At first the injector will merely be difficult to start; but, as the leaks get worse, there will be no starting it at all. ”

“ Seldom has an invention caused so much astonishment and wild speculation among mechanics, and even among scientists, as the injector did for the first few years of its use. Scientists were not long in discovering the philosophy of the injector’s action, but that knowledge spread more slowly among mechanics. ”

“ The second type has but one set of nozzles, but they can be so adjusted relative to each other as to produce the best results throughout a long range of action; that is to say, it so adjusts itself that its maximum delivery continually increases with the increase of steam pressure. The third type, double injectors, are those in which the delivery from one injector is made the supply of a second, and they will handle water at a somewhat higher temperature than single ones with fixed nozzles. ”

“ Many men who will do this job satisfactorily will get124 badly left when they try to put a defective injector in order. To do such work, thoughtful reflection is called for, besides the hand that can do accurate fitting. A workman who may be good on guides or cross-heads or links, takes an injector apart that will not work, and can perceive nothing wrong with it, because he has not got the philosophy of the thing through his head ”

“ You should have a good pump, a good injector, a good heater, an extra steam gauge, an extra fusible plug ready to put in, a flue expander and a beader. You should also certainly have a good force pump and hose to clean the boiler, and the best oil and grease you can get. Never believe the man who tells you that something not quite the best is just as good. ”

“ Three men had large syringes. A lad carried a pail of fluid from which they replenished them. The red-faced man watched. They went along the room in pairs, one holding the lantern while the other knelt by the sleeper and made the injection—two strokes of the piston with a pause between. One pair came to Mr. Raynor and another to me at the same time. I was too numb to feel pain when the great syringe dug deeply into my flesh, but it was well for me that I could not scream. As it was, I made a faint sound.
“Must have been near waking,” the injector said, putting the rug over my shoulders again. ”

“ It will also lift and force water at a very warm temperature (say 120° Fah.) in tank or well, and under all circumstances and at all points it works automatically. The inventor and manufacturers of the Penberthy injector have great confidence in its working qualities, and to satisfy engineers of its merits and perfectness of work, solicit a trial. From observation, a brilliant future is in store for this little wonder of simplicity and compactness, which is a model of mechanism in appearance and finish.
PENBERTHY INJECTOR.
For prices, etc., address Jenkins Bros., 71 John St., New York, 13 So. ”

“ When the movement does finally end, the injection does not necessarily stop, as the compressed fuel in the injection pipe is still left to dribble miserably into the combustion [Pg 22] chamber. To minimize this defect, the designer has placed the pump and injector together in a single unit.”
Starting System: On November 1, 1961, C. H. Wiegman, vice president of engineering of the Lycoming Division of Avco Corporation wrote to the Museum in part as follows:
Early in the development it became quite evident that cold starting was a problem. ”

“ The automatic apparatus of Girard, for injecting purposes, is a marvel of simplicity and durability; there is no piston or force pump, which is liable at any moment to get out of order; no valves, which will wear out by friction, or leak from the effects of the liquid used.
The force used in ejecting the fluid is that of a gas, highly antiseptic in its nature, and which, being generated inside of a cylinder, saturates the injecting fluid (itself an antiseptic solution) , and by its expansive force propels it into the arteries of the body. ”

“ These qualities combined with 'Hard Ball Valves,' which operate as well with those injections of which gruel forms a part, as with those more fluid, render it invaluable to those who are obliged to resort frequently to the use of such an instrument for the purpose, and have suffered from having those of other constructions so often out of order as to be a continual source of annoyance and expense. ”

“ The India-rubber in a short time enlarges when in use so as entirely to obstruct the passage of the fluid, especially when a warm injection is used, which quickly softens and moistens the rubber. The valve, too, in such cases, if made so small and light as to avoid this evil, is liable to double or fold up, and is drawn through the orifice in the valve neck into the barrel of the instrument, and thereby entirely stops its working. ”

“ The ill consequences of hyperinjection should not be forgotten. It is the error to which the beginner is most liable.
[Pg 39] WHERE THE INJECTION SHOULD BE PLACED. Some operators have been content to insert a needle over the approximate site of the internal ring and then to force it downward until it lies as close to the internal ring as they can approximate and then to throw in a mass of paraffin sufficient to occlude the canal at this point.
If the needle is inserted about half an inch above the middle of Poupart's ligament it will be over the site of the normal internal ring. ”

“ Before using the apparatus a clamp should be placed on the exit tube of the vessel containing the injection fluid, and the pressure should be raised to see that the apparatus is everywhere air-tight. Any leaks should be sealed before the actual injection is commenced.
If an isolated organ is to be injected, a cannula of glass or brass should first be inserted into the artery and securely tied in position. The organs, if cold, must be soaked in water at 120° F. for about half an hour and then transferred to a water bath. ”

“ Injections for the demonstration of blood-vessels, lymphatics, ducts of glands, etc., are rarely used in pathologic work. The organs to be injected must be fresh, warm from the body, if possible. The vessels should be washed out by a freshly filtered 8 per cent sodium nitrate or sodium sulphate solution, followed by physiologic salt-solution. A cannula is introduced into a main vessel, tightly secured, and then connected with a syringe or a gravity injection-apparatus giving a constant pressure. ”

“ The author advises, when injecting about the neck, to use a stout, dull-pointed needle introduced under local ethyl chloride anesthesia and to elevate the tissue with the needle as the injection is made. In this way the operator can observe the behavior or placing of the injected mass, at the same time stretching the skin to permit of the injection without encroaching upon the blood vessels. The mass is immediately molded after each injection. ”

“ A piece of sterilised rubber tubing of suitable length, fitted with an injection needle and provided with a screw clamp, is now attached to the nozzle of the funnel and the operation [Pg 348] completed according to the requirements of the particular case.
This method is quite satisfactory when the injection is made into the pleural or abdominal cavities or directly into a vein but if the injection has to be made into the subcutaneous tissue the "fall" may not be sufficient to force the fluid in. ”

“ The infiltration of skin or canal being complete the needle must be withdrawn and the syringe emptied and the plunger pressed down so that the empty syringe is attached to the needle through which the paraffin injection is to be made when the operator has assured himself that the needle has been passed as far as desired without traversing or puncturing a vein. ”

“ Connected with the syringe are full directions with reference to its use, and the advantages to be derived from it. The mass of people are but little aware of the great benefits derived from the frequent use of common water injections. This want of practical knowledge arises more from the want of a good instrument than any other cause. We can strongly recommend Lewis's Improved Syringe in this particular. Physicians themselves would always find it advantageous to recommend a good instrument of the kind to their patients. ”

“ If the instrument has stood in a very cold place, the leather of course would become chilled. This can be easily set right by merely immersing the barrel of the syringe in a basin of warm water. The interior of the barrel may sometimes become rough by means of matter adhering to it that has been used in the instrument, such as gruel, or other thick injections, and may cause an obstruction to the working of the plunger. The barrel should, therefore, in such cases, be thoroughly washed out with warm soapsuds before returning the plunger to its place. ”

“ In France there is scarcely a family unprovided with an injecting apparatus, which is always used when there is the slightest obstruction or costiveness of the bowels. These people mostly use a simple clyster of milk and water, and sometimes water alone; in summer they use cold water, and in winter, water pleasantly warm. It is to the warm bath and the common use of injections that are to be attributed, in a great degree, the cheerful dispositions, the uniform health, and the practical philosophy with which these people bear the hardships and misfortunes of life. ”

“ THE PRECAUTION USED TO PREVENT THROWING OF PARAFFIN INTO THE CIRCULATION. In all cases precautions should be taken to avoid throwing of the paraffin mixture directly into the circulation. This is accomplished by passing the needle slowly into the tissues which are to be injected and while the needle is passing through the tissues it should have a strong vacuum suction upon it so that should it strike a vein the blood will immediately begin to flow into the needle. To illustrate how easily blood may be sucked from a vein a hypodermic with a glass barrel may be taken armed with a small needle. ”

“ In the hands of a man of ordinary dexterity, the common injecting apparatus alluded to in my last will be found to answer the purpose perfectly well; but if the practice I recommend is, as I hope it will be, generally adopted, it will, I conceive, be expedient to advise that a regular and perfect transfusion apparatus be used; at all events, to warn those who inject to beware of allowing air to get into the vein. ”

“ The great danger of the untrained operator is to inject too much at one point and should the operator do this and get it in the canal it will make a lump at one point and press unnecessarily upon the tissues and in time will be displaced and will drag involved tissues with it, producing discomfort by the distortion. ”