Tissue paper

“ Fig. 862. Appliqué work.
Appliqué work may be done on linen, silk, velvet, plush and leather. The stuff out of which the pattern is cut has, in most cases, to be backed first with very fine tissue paper.
This is done in the following manner with starch paste, which dries quicker than any other. Spread the paste on the paper with a brush, carefully removing all the little lumps; it should only be just liquid enough to make the stuff and the paper adhere perfectly together and above all must never penetrate to the right side of the stuff. ”

“ Tissue-paper, a very thin soft paper for wrapping delicate articles, protecting engravings in books, &c.—also Silk-paper; Tracing-paper, transparent paper used for copying a design, &c., by laying it over the original, and copying the lines shown through it; Transfer-paper (see Transfer) ; Vellum paper, a heavy ungrained smooth paper, sometimes used in fine printing; Whatman paper, a fine quality of English paper, with fine or coarse grain, used for etchings, engravings, &c.; Wove paper, paper laid on flannel or felt, showing no marks of wires ”

“ The Baby
must be quite light in weight. Make it of a piece of pink tissue paper about eight inches square. Draw the paper through your hands several times to crush it into small folds, then, while it is crushed together, double at the middle and wind a thread around near the folded end to form a neck, leaving half an inch above for the head. Gather a piece of white tissue paper around the baby’s neck to make its dress, and cut a straight strip of white tissue paper for the baby’s cap. ”

“ Russia leather parings, powdered camphor, naphtaline, carbolised paper, or turpentine sprinkled on brown paper, or on the garments, are good for the prevention of moth, and one or another of these preventatives should be placed amongst articles of uniform which are to be packed away for any time.
Before being packed away, gold lace, braid, cord or buttons on garments, should be covered with tissue paper, and then placed in tin lined air-tight cases. Care must be taken to use paper that is thoroughly dry. ”

“ Some persons when about to undergo extreme exposure to cold wrap the feet with a thickness or two of tissue paper, either under or outside of the stocking. Being impervious to the air, paper is not to be recommended for general use. ”

“ This necessitates the printed film or tissue being transferred to another paper or "support," so that we may develop or wash away from the back.
In procuring your carbon tissue order at the same time a packet of Single Transfer Paper, which is paper with a thin coating of hard gelatine. Now to proceed. Place a piece of single transfer paper into a dish of cold water, and in three or four minutes the coated side will feel slimy, then place in the same dish a piece of the printed tissue face upwards. ”

“ Where extreme smoothness of surface, such as is produced by moulding the tissue on glass, as described, is not of importance; and where greater facility of operation is desired, I apply a thick coating of the tissue-compound to the surface of a sheet of paper. In this case, the paper is merely used as a means of forming, and supporting temporarily, the film produced from the tissue-compound ”

“ The "special" tissue is only to be used for the transparency. A safe edge of black paper is required on the transparency, pasted up exactly to the edge of the picture, on the glass side; it comes, sold in strips, gummed, ready for use, about 1⁄4 inch wide; this is required, as the tissue used for the negative resist on the copper plate, which is printed from the transparency, must have a safe edge, shielded from the light, or it will not attach itself to the copper plate, the tissue coming inside half way. ”

“ The object of the paper-maker in treating any one particular fibre is to carry the action of the dissolving and bleaching agents just so far as to obtain the fibre as free from impurities and as white in colour as is desired. The usefulness of a plant for a good white paper depends upon the strength and elasticity of its fibres, upon the proportion of cellular tissue contained in them, and upon the ease with which this can be freed from the encrusting and intercellular matters. ”

“ Owing to the fact that a considerable proportion of the pulp obtained from straw consists of cellular tissue (see Fig. 13, p. 58) , which, although cellulose, is devoid of fibrous structure, paper made from straw only is found to be much weaker than that made from fibres such as esparto. On the other hand, being a cheap material, and one capable of yielding a very white pulp with a moderate quantity of bleach, it is held in considerable repute by many paper-makers, especially as a material for mixing with esparto. ”

“ Exposing the Tissue.—The tissue can be exposed behind the negative in an ordinary printing frame, or in special frames having no joint in the back, as no image is visible. The negative must be furnished with a safe edge, made by painting an edge about one-eighth of an inch round the negative with black varnish, or by pasting on strips of red or black paper. Exposure must be judged by an actinometer. A very suitable instrument for timing the exposure of carbon tissue is Sawyer's actinometer. ”

“ In coating a surface of paper with the sensitive tissue-compound, I apply the sheet, sometimes of considerable length, to the surface of the tissue-compound contained in a trough, and kept fluid by means of heat, and I draw or raise the sheet or length of paper off the surface with a regular motion ”

“ There are two modes of proceeding in forming the tissue, either of which may be adopted, as circumstances may render desirable. The first consists in coating a plate of glass with plain collodion, and upon this film applying a mixture of gelatine, sugar, coloring matter, and bichromate of potash. When this is dry, it is removed from the glass, and forms a pliant tissue, ready for exposure under a negative, after which it is mounted (exposed face down) on paper, either temporarily, by means of caoutchouc cement, or permanently, by means of albumen. ”

“ The examination of various papers may prove interesting for example in linen rag paper, we ought to find some flax fibres, they will be sadly battered and torn but are usually recognisable under the microscope. Hemp paper is tough and is used for bank notes, in it some of the short tow fibres will probably occur and they will give a clue to its composition. Cotton rag paper is easily recognised for the fibres are very characteristic, a remark which also applies to jute paper, the so-called manila used for envelopes, wrappers, etc. ”

“ These fibres are chiefly used for papers which require strength rather than whiteness of colour, such as wrapping papers, &c.
"Broke" paper is a term applied to paper which has been imperfectly formed on the paper machine or damaged while passing over the drying cylinders. Imperfect sheets when they are not sold as retree, and clean waste paper, also come under this designation and are re-converted into pulp after undergoing the treatment described below. ”

“ Paper which is free from mechanical wood pulp is sometimes referred to as "free."
The strongest and best papers are made from cotton or linen rag fibres. Linen is made from the fibres of the flax. In the raw state the fibres are from 1 inch to 11/2 inches in length, and less than 1/1000 of an inch in diameter. Examined microscopically the fibres appear to be smooth, cylindrical, with markings like the joints of a cane, slight cross markings, and a very fine channel running through the fibres. Papers made from linen are close, strong, and durable. ”

“ There are blottings made of wood pulp, but these are far below the rag papers in efficiency. Soda wood pulp makes a very fair blotting paper, but sulphite wood is not so absorbent as soda pulp paper. Wood pulp blottings are usually made in thin substances for interleaving diaries and similar books, where repeated use will not be required. Enamelled blotting papers are made by pasting enamelled (coated) papers to the ordinary blotting paper and rolling down. These blottings can be obtained in a variety of colours, both the blotting and surface paper being varied in colour. ”

“ The size in this instance being made from parings obtained from tanners, curriers, and parchment-makers, as employed in the case of hand-made papers. Of course, sizing in the pulp or in the engine offers many advantages, but as gelatine, or animal size, which is really essential for all good writing qualities, cannot at present be employed during the process of manufacturing by the machine without [73] injury to the felts, it becomes necessary to pass the web of paper, after it has been dried by the cylinders, through this apparatus. ”

“ Beating tends to crush and remove the early characteristics. The fibres are regularly rounded or polygonal, and easily split into numerous fibrillæ, the ends of the fibres beat out into bunches of small fibres, and these, together with the nodules which occur on many of the fibres, produce strength in the paper. ”

“ Ledger or account book papers may be hand- or machine-made, and are usually azure or blue laid. If machine-made, the characteristics of the hand-made papers are as far as possible retained: strength, hard tub-sized surface, opacity, moderate finish, both sides alike in surface. To attain these qualities the same materials are employed, an all-rag furnish with a fair proportion of strong linen, prolonged beating to draw out the fibres, a shake to ensure good felting, slow drying to allow gradual contraction, tub-sizing, air-drying over skeleton drums will attain the desired end. ”

“ The direction of the fibres serves to distinguish between hand- and machine-made papers. Tearing a piece of hand-made paper will result in ragged tears, very similar both ways of the sheet. A piece of machine-made paper shows a ragged tear in one direction, and a much straighter tear in the other. The straighter tear is in the machine direction. If a circle about three inches in diameter is cut from a hand-made sheet and thoroughly damped on one side, the paper will curl slowly and unbend again. ”

“ Sizing.—To test papers for efficiency of sizing write rather heavily upon the surface with ordinary pen and ink. Red ink is usually more penetrative than black, so it is better to use a good black ink as a standard test. As some papers, such as account book papers, have to stand erasure, they should be tested for ink bearing after abrasion of the surface.
To test for gelatine sizing cut up a small quantity of paper and boil for a few minutes in a beaker containing sufficient water to cover the paper. Pour off into a test tube, cool, add a few drops of a 2 per cent, solution of tannic acid. ”

“ Papers which are loose in texture are usually soft-sized, and thus, having comparatively little size to hold the fibres together, will give off fluff or dust, consisting of small fibres, as soon as the paper is subjected to friction, even of the lightest description. Such paper in its passage through the printing machine gradually deposits its fibrous dust upon the printing surface, the rollers take it from there to the ink distributing surface, and the whole of the inking and printing becomes foul. ”

“ A description of each of the principal fibres is given, with the normal dimensions of the unbeaten fibres and the coloration given by the solutions specified. For general examination the lower powers of the microscope will be found most useful, the higher magnifications being employed for studying the markings and other characteristics of the fibres. The dimensions given of cotton, linen, and hemp fibres will not be met with in papers made from those materials, as in beating the lengths are shortened, and frequently the fibres are split longitudinally. ”

“ Or the paper is placed in a test tube with a little water, the thumb placed over the mouth of the tube, and by shaking violently the paper is soon reduced to pulp. A very small portion of pulp is placed on the slide, and superfluous moisture carefully removed with filter paper. A stain makes the markings on the fibres more easily seen, and if a suitable stain is employed, some differentiation in colouring the various fibres takes place. ”

“ In general appearance the fibre is similar to linen, with slightly thinner walls, more markings, and at the places where joint markings occur are also little hairs. The ends of the fibres are rounded or flattened. The fibre in paper is usually beaten so finely as not to be recognised (Fig. 19) . ”

“ When old newspapers or brown papers are used as the fibrous basis of the papier-mâché, they are first torn up into small pieces, moistened with hot water, tied up in a small cloth bag or sack, which must only be half filled, and then immersed in a basin of warm water and thoroughly kneaded by hand, so that the paper is gradually reduced to the condition of pulp. ”

“ II. Papermaking.—The papermaking industry (see Paper) employs as raw materials a large proportion of the vegetable fibre products already enumerated, and, for the reasons incidentally mentioned, they may be, and are, employed in a large variety of forms: in fact any fibrous material containing over 30% “cellulose” and yielding ultimate fibres of a length exceeding 1 mm. can be used in this industry. Most important staples are cotton and flax; these are known to the paper-maker as “rag” fibres, rags, i.e. cuttings of textile fabrics, new and old, being their main source of supply. ”

“ News.—Common printing papers, containing 60 to 80 per cent, of mechanical wood, a small amount of loading, and very little sizing. Suitable for news and other work of an ephemeral nature. Supplied in reels or sheets.
Non-curling Gummed Paper.—Specially prepared gummed paper, the body paper being made as nearly free from stretch as possible, and the coating of gum, when dry, is broken into fine particles by drawing the finished paper over a steel bar. This prevents the film of gum from acting as a single surface, and only when the particles again cohere is the non-curling property destroyed. ”