the Central Intelligence Agency

“ Denmark is moderately active in chemical research, and the work is of good quality. The level of capability in chemistry is somewhat lower than that of Sweden, but is higher than that of Norway. Most of the research effort is carried out in universities and is much stronger in fundamental than in applied chemical research. The greatest strength is in physical organic chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and biochemistry. Industrial organic and inorganic research is of little significance, and the chemical technology used by chemical plans is almost entirely imported. ”

“ Students entering higher educational institutions in Denmark are well prepared and more advanced than high school graduates in the United States. Science and engineering courses in Danish universities are highly specialized. Upon completion of the program of studies, the successful student is usually awarded the candidatus scientiarum degree, which is roughly equivalent to a US master's degree. The magister scientiarum degree is awarded by universities to students who have concentrated in a single field of science and who have shown a particular aptitude for independent research. ”

“ Denmark has followed a relatively uniform policy in dealing with Communist nations. For the past 10 years good relations have existed, as noted by exchanges of scientists and students at various research laboratories and universities. Small numbers of students and research scientists from the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia have visited Denmark for periods of up to 1 and 2 years. At the same time Danish students and researchers have spent some time in the Soviet Union, pursuing their studies and conducting research. ”

“ The overall effort is restricted by limited financial resources, but there are many competent scientists, and the quality of research is good. The volume of research is less than in such neighboring countries as Sweden and the Netherlands, but greater than in Norway. Prior to about 1940 the Danish research effort was slanted toward agriculture, but especially since World War II, with the rapid expansion of the industrial sector, industrial scientific research has increased. Denmark is considerable stronger in basic research than in applied research, however. ”

“ A major goal of the university is the education of engineers to about the equivalent of the US master's level. About half of its effort is devoted to scientific research, both basic and applied. All universities are operated and financed by the government. Copenhagen University in 1967 had about 60 professors and 3,000 students in the Faculty of Sciences. ”

“ Scientific and technical education at higher educational institutions is of high quality. The most important institutions involved in scientific education are Copenhagen University, Arhus University, and the Technical University of Denmark, which is concerned primarily with the applied sciences and engineering. Affiliated with the Technical University of Denmark, which has about 3,000 students, is the Engineering Academy of Denmark, with 1,500 students. The academy, established in 1957, provides shorter courses of study than the university with less emphasis on research training. ”

“ In this respect Denmark is far ahead of Norway and Finland; however, Sweden employs three times as many in its research and development community and has twice as many qualified research engineers and scientists. Thus, it appears that Denmark has a shortage of research assistants and technicians.
The programs of research conducted in the many small laboratories require few but well qualified personnel. A typical example is the internationally known Niels Bohr Institute for Theoretical Physics, which has a staff of 70. ”

“ E Knuth-Winterfeldt, an authority on corrosion and electrochemistry, directs research at the Technical University of Denmark. Research includes corrosion studies on various metals and allows, including stainless steels, and on welding processes. The Danish Corrosion Center and the Danish Central Welding Institute conducts research for industry on a nonprofit contractual basis. The only industrial concern undertaking metallurgical research is the Northern Cable Wire Works; work includes the patination of copper and studies of the toughness and machinability of leaded brasses. ”

“ Denmark is committed to the development and production of the radar and ground equipment components. Its other missile systems are the air-to-air Sidewinder, the surface-to-surface Honest John, and the surface-to-air Hawk and Nike systems. The Sidewinder missiles are used to arm the two squadrons of F-104C fighters, and the Hawk and Nike systems are deployed in a ring around Copenhagen for the defense of that area alone.
In the space field the Danes rely on foreign rockets, satellites, and launch facilities to carry out their scientific experiments, while they supply the payloads. ”

“ Other private organizations which support and encourage scientific activities are the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen, with a membership of about 130, and several foundations. The Carlsberg Foundation in Copenhagen has a significant influence in fundamental research; independent financial resources enable it to support research in fields not undertaken by the government. It maintains the Carlsberg Laboratory for scientific work in chemistry and physiology and the Biological Institute, both in Copenhagen. ”

“ Scientific progress has been factored by the high level of literacy and by the strong scientific tradition in universities. The Danes take pride in their past scientific accomplishments, such as the contributions by Hans Oersted, who discovered electromagnetism, and Niels Bohr, a nuclear physicist and the recipient of a Nobel prize in 1922. ”

“ A few industrial organizations maintain their own research facilities; the most important are in the chemical, pharmaceutical, ship propulsion, power development, and food preservation industries. The electronic industry is newly developed and has a number of relatively small industrial units employing a large number of highly qualified technical personnel and performing considerable research and development. Since only about 20 industrial companies in Denmark have more than 1,000 employees, most of them are unable to conduct extensive research. ”

“ The Academy of Technical Sciences, an important private organization for scientific research, was founded in 1937 to further scientific research and the application of results to industry and trade. The ATV has about 20 affiliated research institutes and centers, establishes new independent institutes, and functions through numerous committees concerned with specific technological areas. It has about 550 members, of which approximately one-half represent science and one-half represent industry and agriculture. The ATV plays an important role in formulating and implementing science policy. ”

“ The low-energy aspect of nuclear physics research is pursued by many Danish universities and research laboratories.
Most of the research in optics is pursued at the Laboratory for Technical Optics of the ATV. The activities involve the design of imaging systems of all types. The technical personnel have been adept in using computer systems for the design of optical systems, thus enabling them to develop highly accurate telescope and microphoto systems. ”

“ Denmark has no offensive biological warfare (BW) research and development program, although some research related to defensive BW is conducted. Laboratories engaged in defense-related research, through the development of vaccines and biologicals for public health needs, are located at the State Serum Institute, Copenhagen, and the National Veterinary Institute for Virus Research on the island of Lindholm. ”

“ Biochemistry is an important field of research activity. At Copenhagen University, the biochemical research is very diversified, including recent studies on enzymes, insulin, lipid synthesis, ethanol metabolism in the liver, and urinary pigments. Varied studies at Arhus University include work on binding of bilirubin to human serum albumin, kidney function, and insulin. The Carlsberg Laboratory does research on proteins and enzymes.
Very little is done in metallurgical research. ”

“ Lacking such resources as iron and nonferrous metal ores and coal, and, although the quality of its work is good, the scope and depot of the effort is far below that of Sweden, the Netherlands, and Norway. Limited research is done in narrow specialized fields, such as handling and fabricating nuclear fuel elements and the general area of corrosion and electrochemistry. ”

“ With the addition of a computer, the institute has been able to work closely with Swedish institutions in scanning data obtained from photographic emulsions used in bubble chambers of these institutions.
The Danish public regards scientists favorably and with considerable respect. Persons holding the position of professor are socially prominent and surpassed only by royalty and Cabinet ministers. Physicians and graduates of the Technical University of Denmark also enjoy high public esteem. ”

“ The quality of computer research in Danish universities has improved considerably since 1968. Computer activities are centralized under the direction of Datacentralen, Copenhagen, which was founded by the government in cooperation with local governmental authorities throughout Denmark. The center is equipped with large computers of US manufacture and provides economical data processing facilities. ”

“ There appears to be an adequate supply of scientists and engineers to meet important requirements. A 1963 estimate indicated that Denmark had between 3,000 and 4,000 research scientists, not including technicians. In 1962 industrial companies employed about 1,200 full-time equivalents of scientists and engineers with academic degrees in research and development. In 1967 Denmark employed a total of 8,378 workers in research and development. Of the total, 3,919 were considered qualified engineers and scientists, with competency for high-caliber research and development. ”

“ Research in triangulation and leveling has primarily been routine and is devoid of any significant developments. Horizontal surveys have led to new connection networks with Sweden and West Germany. A revised and densified network has been established on the Faroe Islands, and several networks have been established in Greenland for geodetic and geological purposes. ”

“ The Danish telecommunications and electronics industry, which includes radar, is fully capable of producing required quantities for the armed forces as well as considerable amounts for worldwide export. Military radio communications equipment produced includes fixed, mobile, vehicular, and portable types and is based primarily on US-supplied grant aid furnished in the early 1960s. ”

“ The high reputation of Danish microbiological competence is attested by the fact that the country has an International Escherichia Center, an International Laboratory for RCG, a WHO Reference Regional Laboratory for Enteroviruses, a WHO National Influenza Center, a WHO Serological Reference Center, a WHO Neisseria Center, and a WHO Virus Collaborating Laboratory for Trachoma. ”

“ Native sources of army materiel are not known but probably correspond with those for the civilian market, in which the United States, West Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom are the main suppliers. No infrared materiel is produced in Denmark. ”

“ Physiologists have contributed authoritative studies of the climates of closed environments and exhibit a good understanding of the nature of the heartbeat and its relation to the stresses of deep sea diving. ”

“ Denmark has no domestic uranium deposits; however, the Danes have been actively exploring for uranium in Greenland. Tentatively deposits there are estimated to contain 5,000 to 6,000 tons of uranium and 15,000 tons of thorium, but the low grade of the ore and the remoteness of the deposits do not make them economically exploitable at the current market prices. No commercial mining is taking place. ”

“ The munitions industry has degraded to one government-owned shell-loading plant and two privately owned munitions companies. Denmark depends upon imports of explosives, propellants, and mechanical components. ”

“ The Danes have provided the equipment needed on ESRO I and ESRO II in the performance of high-energy proton research. Scientists have also developed the digital readout system used in a low-energy electron-proton experiment and another experiment concerning the measure of angular distribution of total particle flux. The equipment on HEAOS-A2 and HEAOS-B needed in measuring solar radiation noise at very low frequencies and the isotropic composition of various elements in the magnetosphere have also been provided by the Danes. ”

“ Magnetic studies are spread over the areas of magnetoelastic interactions, magnetic properties of semiconductor compounds, spin lifetimes of magnetic alloys, energy spectra, geometric effects, photomultipliers, particle detectors, and Josephson junctions. ”

“ Research and development activities are supported primarily from contract work and scientific services for industry, but also from a special fund established in 1938 and from annual and special contributions from 150 larger Danish companies and banks. The ATV receives approximately one-fifth of its support from the government. ”