J. L. Campbell

“ In the Bonita pipe line, wood-stave pipe was used for the gravity sections. In other localities, where the grade of the line is very uniform, as would be the case down a typical clinoplain, cement pipe is deserving of consideration. It would cost no more than wood stave, would be more durable, and, furthermore, it need have no greater leakage. Its cost, however, increases rapidly when built to withstand high pressures. ”

“ As the differences of elevations are very great on the gravity sections of the line, and as any one valve might inadvertently become closed tight when other valves above would be open, the bursting of the pipe under such conditions is prevented either by a pressure relief valve attached to and immediately above the gate-valve, or by an open stand-pipe erected on some suitable elevation between the valves. ”

“ The flat band was chosen for this work because it is the more effectively buried in and protected by the asphalt, and will not crush the soft wood staves under high pressure. The longevity of either the flat or the round steel band is dependent primarily on effective protection against contact with corrosive elements. Wrought iron should be used for this kind of service, and, for the same reason, for many other purposes. Engineers and consumers should join in some comprehensive and effective plan to bring back the old-time production of high-grade wrought iron. ”

“ This pine cannot now be had of clear stuff or in long lengths in large quantities; otherwise, it is unexcelled. Douglas fir and yellow pine, coarser and harder woods, have the advantages of clear lumber and long length. Cypress is not as plentiful, and redwood is costly. The mill tests did not determine definitely the minimum degree of seasoning necessary, and press of time compelled the acceptance of some rather green lumber. Service tests do not show that there is any abnormal leakage from pipe made of such lumber, and it could not now be distinguished in the trench by such tests. ”

“ At Elmira, N.Y., one application of asphalt and saw-dust only, without a finishing dry roll, completed the work; but the band was run through a bath of hot asphalt as it was wound, thus coating its underside also. This initial treatment of the band on the Wykoff pipe is necessary because the exterior of the stave is neither planed nor turned to a circle. The exterior of the pipe forms a polygon, and the band is in perfect contact only at the angles. ”

“ The pipe is wound with flat steel bands of from 14 to 18 gauge and from 1 to 2 in. wide. The machine winds at any desired pitch and tension. At each end the spiral wind is doubled two turns, the second lying over the first and developing a frictional resistance similar to that of a double hitch of a rope around a post. The ends of the band are held by screw nails or a forged clip, the latter being the better. It has two or three spikes on the under side which seat into the stave, and two side lugs on top which turn down over the band. ”

“ The pump-house is built alongside this reservoir. The delivery pipe from the Nogal Reservoir runs directly to the pumps, but has a tee-branch, 50 ft. long, into the Coyote Reservoir. This branch passes through a valve chamber between the pump-house and the reservoir. In this chamber there are controlling valves and an automatic overflow. This overflow is provided against the contingency of a full reservoir and idle pumps. If the pipe line is delivering water faster than the pumps discharge it, the surplus goes into the reservoir. ”

“ Nogal Reservoir.—Nogal Reservoir is the storage unit of the system, and is on the north edge of a table-land, 1,700 ft. above the railway, on the Carrizozo plain, 15 miles away. It is 11-1/2 miles from the head of the pipe on Bonito Creek.
This reservoir is a natural basin or bowl, 1/2 mile in diameter across the top, 1/4 mile on the bottom, and 36 ft. deep. A level line, 1500 ft. long, drawn from its bottom, comes out to grade on the north declivity of the table-land. On this level line an open cut was made and the outlet pipe laid. ”

“ Investigation justified the assumption that wood pipe under a pressure of 130 lb. would give satisfactory service for 25 years, on which basis it would be less expensive than cast iron, and therefore it was used. Cast iron was considered preferable to steel for pressures not exceeding 310 lb. on account of its greater durability.
Wood Pipe.—Machine-made, spirally-wound, wood-stave pipe, made in sections from 8 to 12 ft. long, with the exterior surface covered with a heavy coat of asphalt, was selected in preference to unprotected, continuous, stave pipe. ”

“ The integrity and impermeability of this asphalt coat are quite as vital as constant saturation. This coating protects the entire pipe from exterior contact with destructive agencies. With such effective exterior protection, a constantly full pipe is not so imperative. In the exterior protection of the wood, this coated pipe has quite an advantage over continuous stave pipe. ”

“ If such error existed, and was all charged to leakage, it would amount to but 17,204 gal. per day, or 1,582 gal. per mile, out of a daily delivery of 3,784,000 gal.; but the measured discharge of the pipe, as determined by the velocity, was 5.84 sec-ft., while the mean maximum volume of this water over the weir at the end of the pipe is recorded by the weir as 5.88 sec-ft.
From Coyote, east along the railway, the wood pipe is remarkably tight. The rate of leakage from it, as determined by 600 observations uniformly distributed, was as follows:
11-in. pipe = 120 gal. per mile per day. ”

“ Air-Cushions.—To prevent water-hammer on the pumping main, all pumps are provided with large air-chambers. In addition, and as the special feature for absorbing the shock of pumping under high pressure through a pipe 21 miles long, a large air-chamber in the form of a closed steel cylinder, 5 ft. in diameter and 15 ft. long, is mounted on the pumping main outside of the pump-house. This cylinder is set on its side, in concrete collars, directly over the pipe beneath, to which it is connected by a 12-in. ”

“ Steel Bands.—The specifications required bands of mild steel, of 60,000 lb. strength, with an elastic limit half as great. The winding was spaced to limit the tension to 15,000 lb. per sq. in. If severe water-hammer is present, the ordinary working stress should be materially less than the latter, otherwise the spiral bands will stretch enough to permit the water to spurt out between the staves. This was determined to be true on 4,500 ft. of 12-in. pipe connecting the Carrizozo Reservoir with a water column at the roundhouse there. ”

“ This was a mistake, for bored pipe has a rough interior and a reduced capacity. The inspection and culling are difficult and unsatisfactory, and imperfections readily apparent in a stave frequently escape detection in bored pipe.
Pipe Joints.—The chamber and tenon of this pipe is an all-wood joint, 4 in. deep. An iron sleeve makes a better and stronger joint. It compensates for any lack of initial tension in the banding over the chamber of the wood joint, and secures full advantage of the swelling of the wood. Cast iron is better than steel ”

“ For most of the year there are no living waters on the surface. As a rule, ground-waters are concentrated beneath very limited areas of valley land. The great masses of valley fill in some places are underdrained to great depths and in other places are so compacted and cemented as to be impervious. Wells sometimes are driven from 1,000 to 2,000 ft., without securing any supply at all. ”

“ They are operated only a part of the time; otherwise, they accumulate too much air in the chambers.
Air-Valves.—On the entire line there are 144 automatic air-valves made by the United States Metal Manufacturing Company, of Berwick, Pa. They are working satisfactorily.
Gate-Valves.—In addition to the customary gate-and check-valves at the reservoirs and pumping stations, gate-valves are located at necessary points and elevations in the line to control the flow of water and keep the pipe full, even to the extent of closing all such valves tight and holding the line full without flow. ”

“ This combination yields an excellent water, carrying on an average 6.05 grains of incrusting and 0.95 grains of non-incrusting solids per gallon. The North Fork of the creek carries 16.60 and 2.40 grains, respectively. ”

“ Pumps $79.00 Boilers 18.70 Building 41.70 ------ Total $139.40 per h.p.
The approximate cost per million gallons of storage capacity is as follows:
Nogal Storage Reservoir $103.00 Carrizozo Service " 3,040.00 Coyote " " 2,880.00 Luna " " 3,480.00 Corona " " 2,720.00
To cover general expense, 3% should be added to all the costs above given. The costs per foot of pipe-laying include the setting of all specials, valves, and stand-pipes. The difference of cost in laying 11-in. and 3-1/2-in. wood pipe is not nearly as great as the difference in diameter or the total quantity laid on record days. ”

“ Velocity in 16-in. pipe = 9.705 " " 10 " " = 3.791 Discharge of 16 " " = 5.292 " " 10 " " = 5.293
These last figures would check exactly, except for dropping figures in the fourth decimal place.
The results of these two tests, considering that 20 days elapsed between them, are in very close agreement, and establish the fact that bran is an accurate medium of measurement.
Test No 3.—The 500 ft. of 10-in. pipe in the 16-in. line near the reservoir (Fig. 2) were replaced by 16-in. pipe in the summer of 1908. ”

“ Area of 10-in. pipe = 0.5454 sq. ft. " " 16 " " = 1.3960 " " Length " 10 " " = 13,200 ft. " " 16 " " = 47,500 " Time = 13,800 sec.
Let x = velocity of flow in 16-in. pipe, in feet per second, then 2.56 x = velocity of flow in 10-in. pipe, in feet per second.
From which:
13,200 47,500 ------- + ------- = 13,800 2.56x x x = 3.805 and 2.56x = 9.740
The discharge is:
For the 16-in. ”