S. E. Fryer

“ His first invention, in 1841, was a swivel shuttle for inserting a silk figure on a plain ground; his earliest patent, in 1844, a method for fringing shawls. In 1841 also he first turned his attention to mechanical wool-combing, the object of which is to separate the long hairs from the short, the long making better cloth, the short being used for blankets and rough material. Previously such work was done by hand in conditions harmful to the workers. Lister in 1842 bought from George Edmund Donnisthorpe a wool-combing machine, which, like earher machines patented by Edmund Cartwright [q. v.] ”

“ An ultimatum from Lord Salisbury (Jan. 1890) , the result of the occupation by Portuguese troops of British territory in East Africa, led to an outburst of anti-British feeling, more violent in Oporto than in other Portuguese towns. Crawfurd's house was stoned, but he carried on his duties till the trouble subsided, and then on 17 June 1891 resigned. Returning to England, he devoted himself entirely to literature. ”

“ In 1875 Baines was made surveyor-general for telegraph business, and in 1878, with a view to decreasing the danger of invasion and increasing the efficiency of the coastguard service, he proposed the establishment of telegraphic communication around the sea-coast of the British Isles, to be worked by the coastguard under the control and supervision of the post-office. ”

“ No lives, however, were lost. Grenfell retired with the rank of captain on 2 Dec. 1887.
Grenfell was afterwards for many years associated with the experimental work of Armstrong, Whitworth & Co. He was the first to direct the Admiralty's attention to the night-sighting of guns; and about 1891, on the introduction of the incandescent electric lamp, he invented his 'self-illuminating night sights for naval ordnance.' The invention was for fifteen years attached to all heavy guns in the British navy, and was adopted by some foreign navies. ”

“ Involved in legal proceedings with the French inventor, Heilmann, who claimed that his patent rights had been infringed. Lister assured his position by purchasing the Heilmann machine, though he made little use of it, and in 1853 he acquired the Noble machine, an improved type invented by one of his own mechanics. For some years he commanded the wool-combing industry. His inventions in this connection made clothing permanently cheaper, brought prosperity to Bradford, and helped to create the Australian wool trade. ”

“ Macleod's term is universally adopted by writers on currency. The 'Dictionary of Political Economy' (1858) , of which only one volume appeared, was the attempt of one man to do what was afterwards accomplished by Mr. R. H. I. Palgrave with collaborators.
Macleod's views and attainments were not much regarded by orthodox economists (cf. Cliffe Leslie in Academy vii. 363) . He was an unsuccessful candidate for the chairs of political economy at Cambridge in 1863, at Edinburgh in 1871, and at Oxford in 1888. ”

“ At Manchester he heard Cobden and Bright at public meetings, and became a staunch adherent of the Manchester political school.
In 1845 Edwards went to London, and while maintaining himself by lecturing and journalism developed his interest in political and social reform. He actively promoted the Early Closing Association, and he suggested the invitation which led Emerson in 1848 to lecture on behalf of the association at Exeter Hall on 'Montaigne,' 'Napoleon,' and 'Shakespeare.' He showed sympathy with the Chartist movement but deprecated the use of physical force. ”

“ At Mannheim, the centre of the German radical movement, he had imbibed revolutionary principles, attaching himself to the extreme party which aimed at a united Germany under a republican government. At Heidelberg he actively engaged in political agitation, helping to form democratic "clubs among undergraduates, soldiers, and citizens, and contributing to the advanced nationalist press of Baden, Bavaria, and Prussia. ”

“ In 1883 Michie settled at Tientsin, where he not only carried on his private business but acted as correspondent of 'The Times.' For some years too he edited the 'Chinese Times,' published at Tientsin, and wrote occasionally for 'Blackwood,' 'Leitner,' and other magazines. In 1895 he was 'The Times' special correspondent during the Chino-Japanese war. Subsequently he left China for England, only returning in 1901 in order to visit his daughter, who with her husband had been shut up in the legations at Peking. ”

“ In 1857 he was made a fellow of the Geological Society, and was later a fellow of the Linnean Society. He succeeded on his mother's death to the family estate of Whatcombe, Dorset, and to landed property in the Isle of Purbeck in 1863. In 1872 he assumed the additional name of Pleydell, his mother's maiden name. He founded the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club in 1875, and was its president till his death. In 1876 he was high sheriff of Dorset, and he was a member of the county council from its establishment in 1887 till his death. ”

“ In 1862 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a marble statuette of ‘Jeannie Deans,’ and in 1866 he went to London. In 1868 his ‘Dominie Sampson,’ a humorous representation, free from all exaggeration, of the old pedant in Scott's ‘Guy Mannering,’ was exhibited at the Royal Academy and gained wide popularity. Lawson continued to exhibit regularly, gradually abandoning, however, the picturesque and romantic style of his earlier works for a greater classical severity. ”

“ Educated at home by his parents till 1834, and afterwards at the school for cadets at Berlin, Bunsen in 1837 became an officer in the Kaiser Franz regiment of grenadier guards. He subsequently served in the regiment of the Emperor Alexander at Berlin, and after a severe illness joined his parents in England in 1843 on long leave. He served under his father as secretary of the Prussian legation in London, and in 1848 joined the suite of the Prince of Prussia, afterwards William I, first German Emperor, during his visit to England. ”

“ LAWSON, GEORGE ANDERSON (1832–1904) , sculptor, born at Edinburgh in 1832, was son of David Lawson by his wife Anne Campbell. After early education at George Heriot's Hospital and training under Alexander Handyside Ritchie [q. v.] and in the schools of the Royal Scottish Academy, Lawson went to Rome, where he was a critical admirer of John Gibson [q. v.] . Returning to England, he made his home for some years at Liverpool, gaining a considerable local reputation for imaginative groups and figures in terra-cotta. ”

“ In 1882 Baines was made inspector-general of mails and assistant secretary in the post-office under Sir Arthur Blackwood. He organised the parcel post service, introduced by Mr. Fawcett in 1883, extending the system subsequently to all British colonies and most European countries. Different views and systems of postal administration on the continent made his task difficult. He became C.B. in 1885 and retired through ill-health on 1 Aug. 1893.
Baines lived for the greater part of his life at Hampstead, where he took an active interest in parochial work. ”

“ It was highly commended for its independence in Tooke's 'History of Prices.' Other works in which Macleod combated the views of orthodox economists were now published at frequent intervals. From 1860 till 1868 he acted as coach in political economy to selected candidates for the Indian civil service. He also lectured on banking at Cambridge in 1877, at King's College, London, in 1878, at Edinburgh and Aberdeen in 1882, and he read many papers on the subject before learned societies. ”

“ Clowes gradually gave up journalism for research in naval history. Between 1897 and 1903 he compiled ‘The Royal Navy: its History from the Earliest Times’ (7 vols.) in collaboration with Sir Clements Markham, K.C.B., Captain A. T. Mahan, W. H. Wilson, and others. The value of this work was generally recognised. He was knighted in 1902, but owing to ill-health was compelled to live abroad, settling for some years at Davos. He was granted, in 1904, a civil list pension of 150l. ”

“ In August 1835 he was adopted by his godmother, Maria, daughter of Oswald Leycester, rector of Stoke-upon-Tern, Shropshire, and widow of his uncle, Augustus Hare, his parents renouncing all further claim upon him. Educated first at Harnish Rectory (1843–6) he was sent in 1847 to Harrow, but ill-health compelled him to leave in the following year. He then studied under private tutors till 1853, when he matriculated at University College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1857. After residence abroad, mostly in Italy, from June 1857 till November 1858, he returned to England. ”

“ CARNEGIE, JAMES, sixth de facto and ninth de jure Earl of Southesk (1827–1905) , poet and antiquary, born at Edinburgh on 16 Nov. 1827, was eldest son in a family of three sons and two daughters of Sir James Carnegie, fifth baronet of Pittarow, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of Daniel Lysons [q. v.] ”

“ He was a devotee of fashionable culture, and when in England much of his time was spent in visiting country-houses, where he was well known as a raconteur of ghost stories. His large circle of distinguished friends included Oscar II, King of Sweden, who decorated him with the order of St. Olaf in 1878. His 'The Story of My Life' (6 vols. 1896–1900) , a long, tedious, and indiscreet autobiography, owed its vogue to its 'stories' of society. He died unmarried on 22 Jan. ”

“ New brine pits lined with cast-iron cylinders to prevent the inflow of fresh water were sunk to a depth of 1000 feet, and by the introduction of a patent process whereby a system of pipes doubled the intensity of both the fire-heat and steam, a whiter, more finely grained salt was produced than was obtainable elsewhere, the size of the grain or crystal depending on the temperature at which the brine was evaporated. ”

“ Here during the coal strike of 1893 some of the colliery works were destroyed and the military fired on the rioters, causing loss of life. Under Lister's ownership the mine's coal-output multiplied twelve times. Though a hard man of business. Lister was a generous benefactor to Bradford, presenting the city with, among other gifts. ”

“ Unable to resell it, he determined to improve it, and evolved by 1845 the Lister-Cartwright machine, with which he combed the first pound of Australian wool combed in England. Improvements in the machine itself and subsidiary processes led in 1846 to the 'square-motion' machine, a type to the invention of which Sir Isaac Holden [q. v. Suppl. I] had rival claims, and in 1850 to the 'square-nip' machine. The demand for this type was so great that machines built for 200l. ”

“ On 1 Jan. 1890 he was made C.M.G. While at Oporto he spent his leisure in sport and literary work. In addition to several novels he published three sympathetic but sketchy studies of Portuguese life, which are of interest for their accounts of the Portuguese rustic and of country sports in Portugal: 'Travels in Portugal,' under the pseudonym John Latouche (1875; 3rd edit. 1878) , 'Portugal Old and New' (1880; 2nd edit. 1882) , and 'Round the Calendar in Portugal' (1890) . ”

“ A man of cultivated taste, he practically rebuilt the family residence, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin, in 1854, and collected there with much zest antique gems, mainly intaglios (from 1879) , pictures by the old masters, books, and some hundred and fifty cylinders Assyrian, Hittite, Babylonian, Persian, and Accadian. ”

“ The revolutionary movement spread thither, and Blind was released by a party of armed citizens. The revolutionists soon established at Offenburg under Brentano, on 1 June 1849, a provisional government for Baden and Rhenish Bavaria, and Blind was sent as its representative on a political mission to Paris. ”

“ He was elected a fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society on 25 February 1850, and was corresponding member of the Société d'Economie Politique of Paris and of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation, Madrid. ”

“ ALGER, JOHN GOLDWORTH (1836–1907) , journalist and author, born at Diss, Norfolk, and baptised on 7 Aug. 1836, was the only son of John Alger, a corn merchant of that town, by his wife Jemima, daughter of Salem Goldworth, yeoman, of Morning Thorpe, Norfolk. Educated at Diss, Alger became a journalist at the age of sixteen. ”

“ Within twenty-five years he converted an annual output of 26,000 tons of salt into one of 200,000 tons, and built up the most perfect system of salt-manufacture in the world. For his workpeople he built model houses, gardens, schools, a club-house, lecture-room, and dispensary. ”

“ He died at Kinnaird Castle on 21 Feb. 1905. Southesk married (1) , on 19 June 1849, Lady Catharine Hamilton (d. 1855) , third daughter of Charles Noel, first earl of Gainsborough, by whom he had one son, Charles Noel, who succeeded as tenth earl of Southesk, and three daughters; (2) on 29 Nov. 1860, Lady Susan Catharine Mary Murray, daughter of Alexander Edward, sixth earl of Dunmore, by whom he had three sons and four daughters. ”

“ His later years Edwards mainly devoted to generous yet discriminate philanthropy, his public gifts generally taking the form of free libraries and hospitals. In all some seventy public institutions bear his name as founder. ”

“ Of his novels 'Sylvia Arden' (1877) was the best known. In others like 'The World we Live In' (1884) , 'In Green Fields' (1906) , and 'The Mystery of Myrtle Cottage' (1908) , he discussed political and social questions. ”

“ Both parents were rigid catholics and cultivated exclusively a catholic circle of friends. The father after some years in the royal navy joined the coastguard service, and was long stationed at Hastings. There the son Thomas was educated by a priest on duty in the town, who noticed his promise. At the priest's suggestion the boy passed into the charge of Father John Melville Glenie, who conducted a school for catholics at Hammersmith. There Capel took part in 1854 in the foundation of St. ”