“ The stormy and errant impulses of his youth had been subdued; he had mastered himself and his circumstances; the great problem of life, which had filled him with strife and impatience, lay clear before him; his circumstances were easy; and his position at the head of German literature, which he had himself brought out of chaos or formalism into orderly vigor, gained him the homage of Europe. Schiller and other friends were dead ”

“ Moreover, while only men of fortune can collect a library complete in all the departments of knowledge, a Cyclopædia, worth in itself, for purposes of reference, at least a thousand volumes, is within the reach of all—the clerk, the merchant, the professional man, the farmer, the mechanic. In a country like ours, where the humblest may be called to responsible positions requiring intelligence and general information, the value of such a work cannot be over-estimated. ”

“ COHESION, that kind of attraction by which the particles of bodies are held together, as the molecules of water, of iron, or of stone. It is manifested in a high degree in solids, less in liquids, and but very little or not at all in gases. The molecules of which bodies are composed would seem, from the various phenomena observed in nature and in experiments, to be under the influence of two opposing forces, which under varying conditions alternate with each other in preponderance. ”

“ Eschewing all expressions of opinion on controverted points of science, philosophy, religion, and politics, it aims at an accurate representation of facts and institutions, of the results of physical research, of the prominent events in the history of the world, of the most significant productions of literature and art, and of the celebrated individuals whose names have become associated with the conspicuous phenomena of their age—doing justice to all men, all creeds, all sections. ”

“ If it appear that anything claimed is not new, the patent will be broader than the invention and therefore void. It will also be a fatal defect if the claim is for a machine when the invention is a process; or for the discovery of a law in nature or property of matter, when the invention is the practical application of such law or property. Cases are numerous in which patents have been declared void on account of defective specifications. It sometimes happens that two or more persons claim each to be the first inventor of the same thing. ”

“ Whoever restores an abandoned or lost art or invention may obtain a patent for it. If a person having made a discovery or invention applies for a patent in this country, his claim will not be defeated by the fact that the same invention has been previously known and in use in a foreign country, unless it has been patented or fully described in some printed publication. Any inventor or his assignee may obtain a patent for an invention which he has first patented in a foreign country, provided it has not been in public use in the United States for more than two years prior to the application. ”

“ He exerted a powerful influence on the progress of the German drama by unfolding for the first time all the beauty, vigor, and originality of Shakespeare before the German mind, and by the profound and philosophical criticisms in his Dramaturgie. He pronounced a condemnatory judgment upon all foreign models except Shakespeare and the ancients, and demonstrated that the spirit of the age shrank from the mediæval sentimentality of epic poetry, and desired literature to reflect its own stirring energies, as the drama alone can do. ”

“ But how are these facilities for reference to be had? How are the million to procure a library? How are they to obtain the means of informing themselves on every point in which they may be interested; of satisfying themselves with respect to persons and places, questions of art and science, religion and politics, literature and philosophy, agriculture, commerce, and manufactures? How can the working-man hope to bring within his reach the whole circle of sciences, and every point of human knowledge as developed up to the present moment? We answer, by subscribing to The American Cyclopædia. ”

“ Hence no attempt has been made to furnish the masters of literature and science with new facts or principles in their peculiar branches of study. On the contrary, the editors have only sought to present such selections from the universal treasury of knowledge as will place the cultivators of one department of research in possession of the achievements of other departments, and especially to spread before the great mass of intelligent readers a faithful report of the opinions, systems, discoveries, events, actions, and characters that make up the history of the world. ”

“ The inventor may, without prejudice to his rights, receive suggestions, hints, or practical aid from others; and he may avail himself of the practical knowledge or manual skill of others necessary to bring his invention into practical form. Thus Morse conceived the idea of the electric telegraph; and it was held by the supreme court of the United States that the information obtained by him from men of science and mechanicians for the purpose of giving practical embodiment to the conception “neither impairs his rights as an inventor nor detracts from his merits.” ”

“ In 1656 she went to Paris, where she was received with much and various sensation. Her talents and learning were the wonder of that capital. The learned men of Europe continued to be her subjects, as it were; but she seemed to become more and more unsexed. Her masculine air and libertine conversation kept women of delicacy at a distance. Ninon de l'Enclos was the only woman in Paris whom she noticed with any marks of esteem. ”

“ Before he was ten years of age he wrote several languages, meditated poems, invented stories, and had a considerable familiarity with works of art. Frankfort was a mediæval city, full of old associations and the remains of antique customs, but just beginning to stir with the quick movements of a more modern trade and industry. None of its influences, old or new, were lost upon the child, whose position in middle life, while it brought him in contact with the most cultivated men of society, did not exempt him from occasional mixture with the lower orders, or from the ruder experiences of life. ”

“ A Cyclopædia is preëminently the work for our country and generation. No one has time to grope among a hundred different works for every fact required, without the certainty of finding it at last. With a Cyclopædia, embracing every important subject, and having its topics alphabetically arranged, not a moment is lost. ”

“ Positive or statute law is comparatively a small part of the laws of any country. There is always a law of custom growing out of the habits and peculiar circumstances of a people. Legislative authority may take hold of certain principles developed by custom and give to them the form of written law, but it will still be incomplete, and the deficiency must be supplied by the same process which in the first instance brought into exercise those principles which have been incorporated in the written law. A code of laws contains no inherent power of further production. ”

“ TRADE MARK, the name, symbol, form, or device used by a manufacturer or merchant to distinguish the merchandise which he produces or sells from that of others, in order that such merchandise may be known as his, and that he may secure the profits arising from its reputation for superiority. Trade marks have long been protected by law, on the general principles of equity, in nearly all civilized countries ”

“ At every transaction the precise weight of metal must be computed; a hammer and chisel must be at hand to cut it off, and a balance to weigh it. The fineness of the metal was also to be ascertained. All these troubles were at length ended by the expedient of shaping the metals into pieces of convenient size, and stamping upon each its exact value. He who first did this was the inventor of coins; but history is silent respecting his name, his country, or the date of his invention. Homer, although he speaks of workers in metals, makes no mention of coined money. ”

“ A patent for an improvement covers only the improvement, and does not give to the patentee a right to use the original invention. The improvement of an existing machine must be real and material, and not merely a change of form. ”

“ As has been intimated, the laws which govern molecular attraction are so imperfectly understood that the relations between cohesion, adhesion, and chemical affinity cannot be stated. The last named force is exerted between atoms or molecules of matter which are not of the same kind; it is manifested with more intensity than is observed in the phenomena of cohesion and adhesion, and is also followed by a more intimate union of the particles, by which the formation of a new body, unlike in its physical properties either of those of which it is composed, is accomplished. ”

“ The owner of a patented machine may prolong its existence and utility by repair as long as he can; but he may not construct a new machine under pretence of repairing the old one. A patentee is seldom permitted to call that an infringement which imitates nothing that is directly and explicitly stated in the specification. In case of infringement, the statute provides for the recovery of damages in the circuit courts of the United States. ”

“ Luman Reed of New York an order to fill an entire room of his house with pictures. The magnitude of the undertaking required several years of undivided labor, the most of which was devoted to the "Course of Empire," a series of five pictures, in which are presented, to use his own words, "an illustration of the history of the human race, as well as an epitome of man, showing the natural changes of landscape, and those effected by man in his progress from barbarism to civilization, to luxury, to the vicious state, or state of destruction, and to the state of ruin or desolation." ”

“ The plant being an evergreen, the foliage is always fresh; and though at certain seasons the blossoms suddenly appear scattered among the dark leaves like flakes of snow, they are hardly ever entirely absent. They continue to put forth while the fruit of former blossoms is coming to maturity, and so the ripe coffee may be gathered at almost every season ”

“ It was an ancient tradition, alluded to by Shakespeare, that midnight spirits forsake the earth and go to their own confines at the crowing of the cock. The Christmas celebrations in England have lost their primitive boisterous character, the gambols and carols are nearly gone by, and family reunions and evergreen trimmings are nearly all that remain of the various rough merriments which used to mark the festival. ”

“ The practice in English law courts being entirely different from that of courts of equity, it was necessary to devise a single and homogeneous system including the most useful parts of each form of procedure, and this was done by the code of civil procedure reported by the New York commissioners. Without this preliminary reform it would have been almost possible to frame an intelligible code of law for an English-speaking community, inasmuch as many elementary questions were disposed of in one court upon precisely the opposite principles from those enforced by the other court. ”

“ If she disapprove of a remark made, her face is covered for a moment as with a cloud, which inspires terror. Her voice, usually mild, can nevertheless assume the strength of a man's. Her spirit is filled with incredible love of virtue, and she is passionately fond of honor. She talks about virtue like a stoical philosopher. There are times when she seems to lay her crown beneath her feet.” Chanut then praises her gift of comprehension and retentiveness of memory; her love for the society of learned men and scientific conversation; her reserve in the treatment of public affairs, and in council ”

“ The registers of her reign are filled with deeds of alienation of crown property, patents of nobility, tokens of grace and gifts of every sort. But it was soon evident that personal favor was to become the source of benefactions exceeding all others in amount. A young favorite, the handsomest of her courtiers, Magnus de la Gardie, was enriched with an annual income of 80,000 rix dollars in landed estate alone. Other favorites in time eclipsed him. Her father had already offered to Grotius an asylum in Sweden; and Christina invited learned men to her court from every quarter of Europe. ”

“ In the United States trade marks are protected by the statute of 1870, which is the first one passed by congress for this purpose. It does not interfere with the common law protection, which is open to every person independently of the statute. It provides that any person or firm domiciled in the United States, or any corporation created by the law of the United States or of any state, may, by complying with the requirements of the act, obtain protection for any lawful trade mark to which he or it is entitled, for the term of 30 years, with the privilege of a renewed term for the same period. ”

“ More or less sulphate of lime and chloride of magnesium are found in salt from whatever locality or source it may be derived. The purest rock salt is the best of all; next to that is sea salt, and then the average quality from brine springs; but the table shows that the “Onondaga factory filled salt” is as pure as the rock salt of Cheshire, England, which is one of the purest known. An impurity of 3 per cent. renders salt unfit for domestic purposes, especially if the impurity consist of chlorides of calcium and magnesium, particularly the former. ”

“ Even when the application is made by an assignee, it must be signed by the inventor if living. The specification is a written description of the invention or discovery, and of the manner and process of making, constructing, and using it. It must be so full, clear, and exact as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use the same. If a machine, the principle and best mode of operation must be fully explained, so as to distinguish it from other inventions. ”

“ For a statement of what is protected by the law of trade marks see Trade Marks.—The essential requisites of every patentable invention or discovery are novelty and utility. A valid patent will not issue to an applicant if what he claims as new was, before his invention, invented or discovered by another in this country, or if he has abandoned it to the public. Inventors, however, may permit the public use or sale of their inventions for two years before applying for a patent, without prejudicing their rights ”

“ The great political revolutions of the last decade, with the natural result of the lapse of time, have brought into public view a multitude of new men, whose names are in every one's mouth, and of whose lives every one is curious to know the particulars. ”

“ Letters patent are granted by the governments of various countries to secure to inventors, their heirs and assigns, for a specified period, the exclusive right to new inventions and discoveries useful to industry. The system was not known to the ancients, and in many countries does not now exist. It is much favored in the United States, is common in Europe and the English colonies, and has been introduced into several South American countries. In England the authority to grant patents for useful inventions rests upon a proviso in the statute of monopolies passed in 1624. ”

“ Great battles have been fought and important sieges maintained, of which the details are as yet preserved only in the newspapers or in the transient publications of the day, but which ought now to take their place in permanent and authentic history. Since the completion of our first edition, the decennial censuses of the United States and of Great Britain have been taken, as well as many other censuses throughout the world, and the statistics of population, commerce, manufactures, and other branches of industry, that were correct at that time, have been superseded by new material. ”

“ Frequently an injunction will not be granted until the plaintiff's right and the defendant's wrong doing have been established at law. But when the infringement is certain, a court of equity will proceed at once; and sometimes, on petition of the patentee, they direct a trial at law, and order the defendant to keep an exact account of all that he makes or sells in supposed infringement of the patent, to be rendered if the trial results in establishing the infringement.—The average annual number of applications for American patents is about 20,000. ”

“ In the case of a composition of matter, specimens of the composition and of the ingredients sufficient in quantity for the purpose of experiment, must accompany the application. The chief objects of the specification are to make known the precise nature of the invention, and to enable the public from the specification itself to practise the invention after the expiration of the patent. The object of the claim is to fix with accuracy the extent of what is claimed as new. Two or more separate and independent inventions cannot rightly be claimed in one application ”

“ Thus if a patent is granted in this country for an invention previously patented in Prussia for three years, the American patent will not continue beyond that period.—An invention is new, in the sense of the patent law, when it is substantially different from anything previously known. In determining the question of novelty, the inquiry frequently arises whether the supposed invention is really novel, or whether it simply consists in a double or analogous use or application of something already known. ”

“ But any one may devise a way of working with electricity, and that way shall be his; and so he may discover a way of making pictures or representations by light, and that way also shall belong to the inventor. And then any other person is at liberty to discover some other way of using either of these forces or qualities of nature.—The statute specifies that the invention shall be “useful;” but any degree of utility is sufficient, and patents are often granted for things of little or no value. ”

“ It is to be noticed, however, that a caveat cannot be filed by an alien, unless he has resided in the United States one year, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen, according to law. Even where caveats are not taken out, all pending applications are regarded as so far confidential that, until after a patent is issued, no information will be given to any one but the claimant respecting the existence of any application, or any questions which may have arisen in relation to it. ”

“ A patent will issue to the assignee of the inventor, but the application must be made by the latter, and the assignment must be first recorded. In case of the death of the inventor, his legal representatives may apply for the patent. Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; but the independent inventors of separate and independent improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their distinct inventions. To be entitled to a patent as the inventor or discoverer, the claimant must be the real author of the invention ”

“ He brought to bear upon literature an almost universal knowledge, the study of the poets of all nations, an intimate acquaintance with Hebrew, Greek, and Latin writings, and above all a cosmopolitan humanitarian spirit, which, together with his poetical genius, manifested itself most suggestively in the crowning work of his life, Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit. ”

“ It has been held both in England and America that newspapers are not protected by the copyright laws. Copyright is transferable to heirs and assignees. To entitle an author to copyright, his work must be original, and must not have been published or dedicated to the public prior to the application for copyright. Abandonment to the public before copyright renders the work common property, and defeats copyright.—Prior to 1845 the capacity of a foreign author to acquire, or at least to confer upon a British subject, valid copyright, does not seem to have been denied by the English courts. ”

“ If a patent is void by reason of a defective specification, or because the patentee claimed as his own invention more than he had a right to claim as new, he may surrender his patent to the commissioner, and file with him a new and corrected specification, and the commissioner may thereupon issue to him a new patent, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. ”