Close air support

“ The problem is solved in the coal-pit by simply and skilfully controlling and directing the natural movements of unequally-heated volumes of air. Complex mechanical devices for forcing the ventilation by means of gigantic fan-wheels, etc., or by steam-jets, have been tried, and are now generally abandoned. An inlet and an outlet are provided, and no air is allowed to pass inwards or outwards by any other course than that which has been pre-arranged for the purposes of efficient ventilation. ”

“ To open the outside right cowl ventilator, move the control lever (directly beneath the package compartment) to the left. This is the position of the ventilator whenever you operate the Climatizer or want to draw fresh outside air into the car through the Climatizer system. To close the ventilator, move the control lever to the right. When using Climatizer, be sure the inner ventilator door is closed.
2. Pull Climatizer control handle outward to the position which gives the temperature desired by the car occupants. The further outward the control is pulled, the warmer the air will become. ”

“ The reason of this is that in cases, such as shown in Figure 48, where there is only one cold-air connection for a number of radiators, when there is a strong wind blowing against the side of the house opposite the fresh-air inlet it is sometimes very difficult to get a good draft in the flues, especially in those most removed from the cold-air inlet, as the force of the wind (which, with the best constructed houses, blows through the walls to a great extent) , seriously opposes the current of air in the ducts. ”

“ The fans which have been installed are directly coupled to motors of variable speed, and are designed to move large quantities of air. Fresh air is admitted through windows and ventilating radiators, and the vitiated air is discharged on the roof. The ventilation of the Bag Room has been separately treated; here a considerable quantity of dust is liberated by the handling of mail bags, and dust, we are beginning to learn, is the great enemy to health. ”

“ Whichever of these devices is used it is connected in between the aerial and an outside ground wire so that a direct circuit to the earth will be provided at all times except when you are sending or receiving. So your aerial instead of being a menace really acts during an electrical storm like a lightning rod and it is therefore a real protection. The air-gap and vacuum tube lightning arresters are little devices that can be used only where you are going to receive, while the lightning switch must be used where you are going to send ”

“ We will first fill it with what we call our cold air, and will close the outlet at the top, and take out the fire-board. Now, as I let in the warm fresh air, it rises immediately to the top, as before, and flows across the ceiling, but as it cannot escape there, it forces the cold air down, and causes it to flow out at the fire-place. See how quickly the whole room is filled with the fresh warmed air. ”

“ A slide-valve must be arranged in the cold-air box, to regulate the amount of incoming air, and where there is danger from impurities in the air, the air supply should be filtered through a loose cotton filter. At the mouth of the air box place a wire-netting to prevent rats or other animals from entering. ”

“ An improved air-lock, by which access is given from the exterior to the working chamber at the part where the men work in an atmosphere sufficiently condensed to exclude water from the lower open end—like a tumbler inverted in water—is the principal addition which America has made to the device. ”

“ What I intend to talk about this afternoon is an overview of the Minimum Safe Altitude Warning system, the purpose that it was designed for, an overview of the history as to why it was developed, a brief description of how it functions, and steps that we have taken to optimize its performance and maintenance.
The Minimum Safe Altitude Warning is a function designed solely as a controller aid in detecting potentially unsafe aircraft proximity to terrain or obstructions. It generates an alert to the controller when a pilot is below or is predicted to be low -- below a specified altitude. ”

“ Filtration is a topic directly affecting ventilation; exhaust air laden with nanomaterials may need to be cleaned before being released into the environment.
General ventilation can be used to achieve several goals for workplace contaminant control. A properly designed supply air ventilation system can provide plant ventilation, building pressurization, and exhaust air replacement. As new local exhaust hoods are installed in the production area, it is important to consider the need for replacement air, the location of the hood installation, and the need to rebalance the ventilation system. ”

“ Ventilation can render air even better than the outdoor variety by purifying it of dust and by supplying it with the right amount of moisture and motion.
For the ordinary home the great air conditioners and ozonators, which are installed in institutions and factories, are unnecessary, so we will not consider them. The best, simplest and least expensive ventilating system for the home is the system regulated by fans and blowers, and to this method we will introduce ourselves. ”

“ Most elaborate and ingen{145}ious systems of ventilation have been devised and put into our larger houses, and public buildings like libraries, court-houses, capitols, and schools. Some of them drive the air into each room by means of a powerful steam, or electric, fan in the basement; others suck the used-up air out of the upper part of each room, thus creating an area of low pressure, to fill which the fresh air rushes in through air-tubes or around doors and windows. They have elaborate methods of warming, filtering, and washing the air they distribute. Some work fairly well, some don't ”

“ These are made to shut air-tight against their frames, so as to prevent the air from taking a short cut back to the upcast, while preserving free access between the different districts without following the whole round of the air-ways. The ventilation of ends is effected by means of brattices or temporary partitions of thin boards placed midway in the drift, and extending to within a few feet of the face. The air passes along one side of the brattice, courses round the free end, and returns on the other side. ”

“ VENTILATION One of the most difficult and most important problems in connexion with billiard-rooms is the subject of ventilation, particularly where the electric light is used. If gas be the lighting agent, the heated air can generally be drawn off by means of an exhaust cowl over the skylight; but these cowls are apt to cause a leak in the skylight fittings, and must, therefore, be erected with great care. Where the electric light is used, a small sunlight gas-burner at the bottom of the exhaust tube helps to generate a hot upward current. ”

“ The one small master light is constantly kept burning when others are turned off. Such master light costs but 2d. per annum at the most for gas; no matches are necessary, and there is perfect safety from fire. This is a most efficient and satisfactory means of ventilation, and far preferable to any of the revolving cowls, air pumps, and other unsightly and perishable systems. ”

“ It is probable that the ordinary means of ventilation—whether by furnace or fan—may be aided by a change in the force or agency employed for the purposes of haulage and other independent work. As an instance of my meaning, I may mention that the93 apparatus which I have introduced in South Wales, and which, by means of compressed air used as a motive power instead of steam, draws trams and pumps water with complete success, is found to generate ice in an atmosphere which is naturally hot and oppressive. ”

“ As steam has become such a common article in all large buildings, both for power and as a convenient means of distributing heat, most large buildings are thus heated; and as a perfectly air-tight building can be very easily heated thus, and as most persons are too ignorant or too careless to provide a separate and distinct supply of fresh air simply for ventilation alone, the consequence is, that this system, thus so shamefully abused, is probably drying up more talent and killing more business men in our cities than any other system in existence. ”

“ Probably one of the very best arrangements is to have a good steam furnace, with a large fresh air box letting in an abundance of air moderately warmed, and overflowing the house with this, and some direct radiation in the halls, and a good, bright, cheerful open fire in the family sitting-room. ”

“ Do not be fooled by big talk and glib printed matter about high vacuum power, and long air and water columns. What is needed for a good cleaner is air displacement at a sufficiently concentrated point or surface to maintain a high air velocity. ”

“ The flying machine which will navigate successfully in a perfectly quiet atmosphere may be unseaworthy, or rather, unairworthy, when a wind springs up, or the shifting of the wind may spoil all the air pilot’s plans. To add to his troubles, the aviator must move among air currents which change and change again in a moment’s time. As we study the difficulties of air navigation we will appreciate, more than ever, the wonderful patience, skill, and daring of the successful aviators.
The action of the air currents had first to be carefully studied before flight became possible. ”

“ It is not at all visionary to assume that the heat of the earth’s interior in near time will furnish the power necessary to do the drudgery of mankind, give warmth and light to habitations, and operate transportation systems; and the New World Above offers pure, electrified, [19] and highly stimulating air into which helium-inflated dirigible balloons will sail, and in which they will remain not only days but weeks or longer, with their multitudes of people. ”

“ Air moves across the back of the worker toward the back of the booth. An issue with the cross-flow design is the secondary airflow patterns caused by the presence of the operator in the booth. Additionally, if purity or cleanliness of the product is important, sweeping of the air across the operator could be problematic. These patterns may cause turbulent dispersion of dust in the booth and result in higher operator exposure or potential leakage, compared to the downflow booth, but may provide a reasonable control for some processes. ”

“ If a gentle breeze is blowing, a barely perceptible opening of a window will give the needed amount, even if there are no additional drafts of fresh air into the room through cracks. Most houses are so loosely constructed that fresh air enters imperceptibly in many ways, and whether we will or no, we receive some fresh air. The supply is, however, never sufficient in itself and should not be depended upon alone. At night, or at any other time when gas lights are required, the need for ventilation increases, because every gas light in a room [23] uses up the same amount of air as four people. ”

“ Care should be taken in the employment of ventilators that they are of correct construction, and that both the outlets and inlets are sufficient in size and number, and so placed as to effectively accomplish the work they have to do.
The outlet ventilators should be fixed on the highest part of the roof, clear of all obstructions, so that the wind can reach them freely from every quarter.
The fresh air supply should be properly proportioned to the extraction. ”

“ Besides merely forcing the steam and water through the radiators and piping, it is necessary to force out the air which accumulates, and to do this the system must carry a pressure somewhat above that of the atmosphere, unless a vacuum system, which will be described later, be used. ”

“ Main stoppings are made particularly secure, by strong additional stone buildings, and they are set up at different places, to maintain the main air courses entire in the event of an explosion; by which precautions great security is given to human life. This system of ventilation may be extended to almost any distance from the pit-bottom, provided the volume of fresh air introduced be adequate to dilute sufficiently the fire-damp, so that the mixture shall not reach the explosive point. ”

“ There is much beautiful scenery, high mountain peaks, deep valleys, and level plains formed by these ever shifting air currents through which the aviator must steer his course blindly as best he may. A great bank of whirling clouds driven before the wind shows how rough and tumbling a sea he must navigate.
The air being a much thinner medium [Pg 19] than water is, of course, far more unstable and baffling. Its supporting power is not only very small but constantly varies. ”

“ The larger the machine the more difficult it will be to control its movements in the air, and yet enlargement is absolutely necessary as weight, in the form of motor, rudder, etc., is added.
Air currents near the surface of the ground are diverted by every obstruction unless the wind is blowing hard enough to remove the obstruction entirely. Take, for instance, the case of a tree or shrub, in a moderate wind of from ten to twelve miles an hour. ”

“ Artificial circulation is secured by fans placed at the entrance of mines, or by the use of compressed air which is carried into the mine. Compressed air is often introduced for power, and as it escapes it serves for ventilation as well. ”

“ To secure ventilation in a hot climate with low buildings extending over a large area, and therefore incapable of being connected with any general system of ventilation, it was considered that forcing in fresh air by a small mechanical apparatus attached to each building would be the only effective means. ”