Clements Robert Markham

“ Love is allowed to break through the rigid laws of the Ynca court to some extent; but otherwise the state of society, and the manners and customs met with in the drama, agree generally, but not so closely as to justify a suspicion of plagiarism, with those described by Garcilasso and other early Spanish writers.
The drama of Ollanta is not alone in allowing a romantic passion to transgress the usages of the Ynca court. ”

“ In large parties it would be as well to have a cook's mate in addition, who would succeed the cook when his term of office had expired, a fresh hand being installed in the capacity of cook's mate. The whole of the tent-furniture must be well brushed, so as to get rid of any snow-drift, or condensation, and the tent itself should be well shaken before being stowed on the sledge, which is then packed, and the march begun. The officer takes his observations for time or variation, also the bearings of land, temperature, etc., at a regular time before starting. ”

“ In the second scene the successful stratagem of Rumi-ñaui is related to the Ynca by a messenger, and Ollanta, and his companions, are brought in as prisoners, by the victorious general. The great rebel is not only pardoned by his magnanimous sovereign, but restored to all his honours; and in the midst of the ceremonies of reconciliation, the child Yma Sumac bursts into the presence, and entreats the Ynca Ynpanqui to save the life of his sister and her mother. The Ynca and his nobles are conducted to the dungeon of Cusi Coyllur, who was supposed to have been long since dead. ”

“ FAIRFAX, Sir CHARLES (fl. 1604) , soldier, was the fourth son of Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton and Nun Appleton in Yorkshire, and brother of Thomas, first lord Fairfax [q. v.] He was born in or about 1567, and when very young he went with his brother to serve under Sir Francis Vere in the Low Countries. Charles became a distinguished commander. At the battle of Nieuport he rallied the English companies at a critical moment with distinguished gallantry, and he was one of the defenders of Ostend. ”

“ The only means of escaping destruction is by cutting a dock in the land-ice and warping the ship into it. Steam, however, has of late years produced such a revolution in ice-navigation, that the animated scene of 200 or 300 seamen landed on the floe, busily employed in the operation of cutting docks, is now seldom or never witnessed. The last English Government Expedition, that of Sir Edward Belcher, took no less than five weeks going through Melville Bay, although the expedition was accompanied by a couple of steam-tenders, commanded by experienced and energetic officers. ”

“ Fear not, Ollanta,
At seeing me here,
For, in truth, it is because I love thee.
I will fly, where thou likest, as straw before the wind.
Tell me the thoughts
Ymatan toccllan souccoyqui
(Caman chai saccra)
That find a place in thine heart. ”

“ A Siculo-Hungarian of Transylvania, and without means, this devoted student made his way to India by land, with the object of investigating Eastern languages and literature, and of ascertaining their relation to his own Magyar tongue. It is much to the credit of the Government and officials of British India that Csoma de Körös should have been cordially welcomed and liberally assisted. He first went to Ladak and Zanskar, and studied the Tibetan language and literature in the Buddhist monastery of Pugdal, from 1827 to 1830 ”

“ Musk-oxen, deer, and ptarmigan, were seen in abundance, and many shot, the fresh meat from which materially assisted in the preservation of the health of the party.
The words of Sir Leopold McClintock are very true, and very significant, in epitomizing the results of arctic ice-travel. He says: "Truly may we arctic explorers exclaim, 'Knowledge is power!' It is now a comparatively easy matter to start with six or eight men, and a sledge laden with six or seven weeks' provisions, and to travel some 600 miles across desert wastes and frozen seas, from which no sustenance can be obtained. ”

“ In the sacrifice of birds,56
In the burning of llamas,
All men have seen.
We opened an eagle
To observe his bosom,
And divine from his heart.
We found it empty.
That eagle, as to Anti-suyu,
Shows we shall soon
Put down the revolt—
It augurs that they will submit.
Ccapac Yupanqui.
Cay Anansuyu Huaminccan
Chay Ancata quespichirccan
Payllatac chincarichirccan.
Chay chicca runacunata.
That valiant Anansuyu
Left this eagle free—
And she has been the destruction
Of so many men.
Rumi-Ñahui. ”

“ Here he made the acquaintance of the Washington family, and he was at Belvoir when Lawrence Washington, the elder brother of George, married Anne Fairfax, and went to live with her on the neighbouring estate of Mount Vernon. Fairfax was interested in young George Washington, and from the time when the future general was a lad of fifteen occasionally visiting at Belvoir, his lordship never failed in friendship for him, and in efforts to advance his fortunes. ”

“ We propose to institute a comparison between the modes of traveling past and present, and to describe the work that will fall to the lot of an exploring expedition during the space of twelve months. The best route for polar exploration is the one that has been so unanimously advocated by all arctic authorities both of our own and other countries, and the one that is to be adopted by the expedition about to leave our shores. There are many reasons why the route via Smith Sound is superior to and more advantageous for polar exploration than any other. ”

“ What dost thou love most?
Leave me to the father!
Let me speak to the Ynca!
Do not prevent me!
Let me pass the door!
Lo! there is some one dying!
Lo! there is sickness, even to death!
Ccapac Yupanqui.
Yma chachuan huahuapi?
What are you doing with the child?
Attendant.
Huc huarman huaccaspa hamun
Yncahuan rimaytan munan.
A child comes weeping,
And would speak with the Ynca.
Ccapac Yupanqui.
Haqquiy. Pusay camuy.
Let her come in.
Enter Yma Sumac, weeping, with her hair dishevelled.
Yma Sumac. ”

“ We now come to the most important feature of arctic work, namely, the sledge-traveling, which was first introduced by the late Admiral Sir Edward Parry, but which is most indissolubly associated with the name of McClintock, whose perseverance and energy have brought this system of traveling to such a state of perfection that we rely chiefly on its aid to procure for the forthcoming expedition that success which all England heartily and eagerly desires, and hopefully anticipates. ”

“ Pachacutec is succeeded by his son Ynpanqui, who had been absent for many years, engaged in the conquest of the coast valleys, and who is supposed to be imperfectly informed of the events that had taken place round Cuzco. He entrusted the command against the rebel to Rumi-ñaui, who adopted a cunning stratagem. Concealing his army in a neighbouring ravine, he came to the stronghold of the rebels, and appeared before Ollanta covered with blood, declaring that he had been cruelly treated by the new Ynca, and that he desired to join the insurrection. ”

“ The Smith Sound route is the best adapted for exploration by sledges, and in case of mishap or any unforeseen accident befalling the ships, it would simply be a matter of time for the ship's companies to travel south and reach the Danish settlements, or one of the Scotch whalers that annually frequent Baffin's Bay. The importance of reaching in the ships a high latitude lies in the consideration that every ten miles made good in the ship toward the north is two days' sledge-traveling saved. ”

“ In his monstrous sentence in 1781, the Judge Areche prohibited "the representation of dramas, as well as all other festivals which the Indians celebrated in memory of their Yncas." [15] This proves that the ancient dramas of the Yncas were remembered and actually performed down to the year 1781; for those composed by Spanish priests cannot be intended, as they would not be prohibited by a Spanish judge.
These considerations will enable us to form an opinion of the antiquity of the drama of Ollanta ”

“ While dragging the sledges it is very necessary to keep continually changing the leading men on the drag-ropes, as on them rests the severe task of exerting their eyes in order to pick their road, and they are therefore more subject to snow-blindness than the others. The officer, when not engaged in dragging the sledge, should be very particular in selecting a good and easy line of country ”

“ Operations are commenced from the open water and carried on toward the ship. A hole is made in the ice by means of a drill some distance from its edge, and the charge is lowered down through this until it reaches the water and is placed immediately under the ice. The fuse is ignited, a sharp explosion takes place, and the ice is shattered and rent in all directions. Men in boats, and others armed with boat-hooks and long poles, at once assail the fragments, removing them from the channel into the open water. ”

“ Cusi Coyllur, where is thy joy?
Where are thine eyes like stars?
Where is all thy beauty?
Art thou an accursed daughter?
Cusi Coyllur.
Ay Ollantay, chunca huatan
Caracc miyu raquihuanchis
Cunantacc huñupuhuanchis
Alas! Ollanta, for ten years
A prison has separated us;
But now we are joined again,
Huc causayman: hinan huatan
Llaqui cusita Yupanqui
Causachuntacc Ccapac Ynca
Ccanri huc causay cactincca
Ascan huatatan Yupanqui.
And there is life! As many years
Of joy you will count
As the great Ynca shall live.
With this new life
You will count more years. ”

“ Too much care cannot be taken in the stowage and lashing of the sledge. The greatest weight should be over the centre cross-bar, diminishing toward the end, so that the sledge will rise easily and gradually, and descend in the same manner, when traveling over rough or hummocky ice. A well-packed, that is, a well-trimmed, sledge is dragged with less exertion, and less jerking to the men's shoulders, when going over rough ice, than one that has been carelessly packed. ”

“ Chaymi ttanichina cama.
(Chaicanatan)
All wait in the plain
To receive their deserts.
Each is awaiting
And desiring death.
But the women who are there,
And the little children,
Who are all weeping,
Must be separated. ”

“ If the wind is fresh, turn the sledge at right angles to it, and with sledge-sail to form a lee, sit-down. If very severe weather, pitch the tent, and sit inside without any tent-gear, or stop only five minutes for grog and biscuit. When halted for the night, and the tent is pitched, one man, after brushing himself well, goes inside, and receives and places all the gear, robes, knapsacks, sleeping-bags, etc. The cook prepares supper without delay. ”

“ It is thus clear that the Ynca chiefs were permitted by the Spaniards to retain a portion of their authority, that they were encouraged to continue the use of their costumes in order to increase the magnificence of religious processions, and that some at least of the old Ynca customs were preserved by special enactments. Under these favourable circumstances, the chiefs would almost certainly preserve the memory of the former grandeur of their country, and encourage the people to recite the ancient songs and dramas, some of which would eventually be committed to writing. ”

“ When all the work is completed the men take off and hang up their moccasins or boots and blanket-wrappers, either upon the tent-ropes outside, or on the tent-line inside, according to the weather, brush themselves well, divest themselves of their overalls, and take up their respective places in the tent, the officer always at the head of the tent, the cook and cook's mate nearest the entrance, so that their rising does not disturb the rest. ”

“ I believe llama to be a correction hazarded by Señor Barranca. Atoc alone suits the text; and is, no doubt, the most ancient reading.
(31) Rirpu is a mirror, made of polished metal. This speech of Cusi Coyllur is given in the Antiguedades Peruanas, p. 117.
(32) In my copy it is Accochinchay, a comet. In those of Von Tschudi and Barranca the word is Chasca, the planet Venus.
(33) Here Von Tschudi's copy is faulty. He has chaquirichei. It should be chaquichicuy (dry again) .
(34) The Tuya is a bird that is very mischievous at harvest time (Coccoborus chrysogaster) . ”

“ The coverlet, lower robe, and sleeping-bag, answer well when the temperature is no lower than-30°, but should it fall lower, an additional coverlet should be supplied, as well as a small blanket bag to put into the sleeping-bag to keep the feet warm. Should the temperature continue to fall, snow huts should be used, they being very much better and warmer than tents. A party of four men can, after a little practice, but themselves in about half an hour; one man cuts the blocks, another builds, and the other two carry the blocks and fill up chinks, etc. ”

“ Rumi-Ñahui.
[Maipin ñinay Ollantaycca?
Where is Ollanta? Tell me!
Piqui Chaqui.
[Chusapunaccanmi tataycca
Manan pocconchu paccayca
Pocchupurccanmi callpayca
Sasan chay cuncu llantaycca
Ynca uccupin Mancanaycca
Ancha carus sallccantaycca] .
My father is from home,
And the paccays are not ripe.
I have a long walk to-day,
It is difficult to carry me.
The Ynca would cut up his body.
The desert is very far off.
Rumi-Ñahui.
[Astahuan phiñachihuascay
Ricuy huancunccoyquimantacc.]
If you vex me again
I will take your life.
Piqui Chaqui.
Ollanta? ccanin sayarin. ”