Paul D. Bunker

“ Where there is no bank convenient to the post and the men receive their money from a paymaster, he will sometimes agree to bring with him an amount of change sufficient for the needs of the Post Exchange, but if there is a bank available, we should hesitate before imposing upon the good nature of the paymaster to this extent. It is a great convenience to the men to have their ten dollar bills “changed”, and no Post Exchange should demur when the men offer such bills in payment of their debts. ”

“ For example, during certain days of the month, such as pay day and the first day upon which coupons are issued, it is manifestly impracticable for us to make out a sales slip for each cash or coupon purchase because there are so many five and ten cent purchases that the cost in time and labor involved in such a method would outweigh the advantages gained. If the average sale amounted to a dollar or so, it might pay us to use sales slips similar to those used in recording our charge sales. Therefore, most Exchanges do not require cash or coupon sales to be recorded except on the cash register. ”

“ We simply add the cost of transportation to the cost price of the goods, add the desired profit and this gives us our approximate selling price. In some Exchanges, other items of overhead charges, such as clerk hire, depreciation, etc., are taken into consideration in fixing the selling price. There should be ample space in the right hand columns of Form 28, the receiving record, in which to figure the selling prices.
One of the results to be tried for in every Exchange is QUICK SALES. It is a serious mistake to keep money tied up in stock any longer than is absolutely necessary. ”

“ In opening a charge account with a civilian, care must be exercised to prevent a probability of loss to the Exchange, as one bad account might wipe out the profits from all such accounts for a considerable time. If a civilian is deserving of the privilege [3] of purchasing at the Exchange he should have no objection to conferring with the Post Exchange Officer and making satisfactory arrangements with his employer. ”

“ As it is impracticable to give precise weights on bulk merchandise and as mistakes will sometimes occur, the books will never balance exactly and all discrepancies are thrown into this item. As an example, suppose we unintentionally give short weights on our sales of, say, crackers. At the end of the month, we will have more money on hand than our sales would call for, and such excess is taken up under this heading. If, as sometimes happens, there is a deficit (for example, caused by melting and wastage of ice) it should be taken up under the “General Expense” side of this form. ”

“ Other forms or sheets that are used once a week or once a month must be ordered in lots sufficient to last for a longer time. As we take these up on our Stock Record, such purchases in large quantities will not disturb the worth of the Exchange.
An appreciable amount in the cost of our printing can be saved by a skillful arrangement of the matter on the form. An experienced man can sometimes draft a form so that the charges for printing it will be half what it would cost to print the same form arranged by a thoughtless or inexperienced person. ”

“ We must always remember that the principal reason why the Exchange exists is to be a convenience to the enlisted man.
There should be three persons at the Exchange table on pay days; the Exchange Officer to personally receive the cash and make change, the Steward or book-keeper to read from Forms 25 the amount each man owes, and a clerk to check this reading with the men’s notes (Form 19) , cancel them and deliver same to the men. A non-commissioned officer of the organization being paid is stationed beside the Steward to identify the men. ”

“ It goes without saying that the honesty of the stock clerk must be above suspicion. In case a civilian is employed, it is good policy—in fact, it should be considered imperative that he be required to execute a bond for the faithful performance of his duties.
With the above general explanation of the broad principles of this particular system, we are now prepared to discuss it more in detail. It seems generally conceded that the stock records can be kept most easily, cheaply and efficiently by means of the card index system. ”

“ In large garrisons it will take a little time before the clerks will know each man by sight, especially when there [35] is an influx of recruits. If a customer is not known to the clerks, he might be able to use another soldier’s coupon book unless the clerk should require him to write his name and compare it with the signature on the book presented. This would be impracticable at certain times of the month when the coupon sales were heavy, as it would consume too much time, thus preventing the clerks from waiting upon other customers as promptly as they should. ”

“ The foregoing description of this system of handling charge accounts may sound formidable to the layman, but in reality, it is not so. As shown in the graphic chart (Fig. 10) it is a logical system, proceeding in a simple, orderly way from the charge sales slip to the ledger and the customer’s bill. It belongs to the class of book-keeping called “controlled accounts”—each part of the system knits evenly into the others, and there is a continual process of summation going on throughout the records. There is no duplicated work and every step is one of definite progress towards the goal. ”

“ In ringing up each sale, the clerk sets the indicator at “cash”, “coupons” or “charge”, as the case may be, before turning the handle; the total sales of any kind can be read at any time by anyone possessing the key which unlocks the reading window. Thus, the Steward, at the close of business on any day, can ascertain these totals in a few seconds, instead of having to transfer them from the cash register record tape to the adding machine. Thus, considerable time and labor are saved. ”

“ In all cases of such sales, the clerk simply gives the customer his goods, receiving the money therefor, makes change if necessary, rings up the amount of the sale on the cash register and places the cash therein. The most important part of this transaction, insofar as our system is concerned, is described in the next-to-last clause. If the salesman once rings up the correct amount on the cash register, the store is sure that the transaction is closed, and closed properly. ”

“ A cash book will be rather expensive if we have it made precisely as we want it, especially if we have the column headings printed in. There is no doubt that printed headings make a neater book, but in many cases, the advisability of incurring the extra expense is open to doubt. Considering the great variety of stock pages published by various manufacturers, there is rarely an excuse for ordering specially ruled and printed sheets. ”

“ When we receive the cash for the men’s notes at pay day, we credit “Mr. Bills Receivable” with the amount taken in, thus clearing him of this amount and making him no longer responsible for it. We have previously, of course, entered this amount on the debit side of the Cash Book, for the same reason noted above. When the coupons are presented by the men in payment for articles purchased by them, we credit “Merchandise” (or the proper department of the Exchange, if departments are used) with the amount taken in. ”

“ In justice to our printers, be it said that they use every endeavor to prevent coupons from falling into unauthorized [36] hands, but Exchange Officers, if inexperienced, do not always appreciate the importance of taking like precautions. All coupon books should be kept in a place that is absolutely secure, and nobody should have access to same, except the Exchange Officer himself. He should use every effort to prevent a single book from reaching his customers except in the regular way. ”

“ As the married soldier is usually a non-commissioned officer of long and honorable service (sometimes a first sergeant or non-commissioned staff officer) with one or more children; as the bulk of his pay is usually spent for articles ordinarily carried in stock by the Exchange; as the Exchange is the result of beneficent legislation and the regulations concerning same should therefore be interpreted in a liberal manner, it follows that there is a great deal of justice behind a proper application for permission to make charge sales to such selected men. ”

“ The average audit consists of counting the cash and seeing if the vouchers to the cash account are correct, but a proper audit is something different. The Council should expect, as a result of the audit, a clear statement of the status of the Exchange together with recommendations for improvement and reports of any irregularities, etc. An auditing officer who spends his time finding out whether or not the books contain any mistakes in addition is not performing his proper functions as auditor. ”

“ When any man applies for coupon books at the Exchange, he signs his name in the space provided on the card, the clerk adds his own initials as witness, stamps in the date and enters in ink or indelible pencil (or preferably by means of a rubber stamp) the amount of the coupons issued. If the clerk does not recognize the man, he compares his signature with the same man’s signature on Form 25, which he should have near him for this purpose and to see that the man does not overdraw his allowance. ”

“ No batch is allowed to go out with a shortage if it can possibly be avoided; if any article is held for re-washing, it is rushed through “special” and the whole bundle belonging to that particular man is held back to wait for it. This prevents the laundry from acquiring garments belonging to customers. If this is not done, a receipt for the shortage should be delivered to the customer with his wash, and a duplicate kept as a sort of tickler, to insure the missing articles being put in the next batch of washing received from and done up for that customer. ”

“ Carbon paper is either single or double faced. By using the latter between two sales slips it is evident that we record our sale on the first and second slips and also secure a reversed copy on the back of the original. It is said that salesmen who alter such slips for their own gain are prone to forget or overlook this point and are caught thereby. No alteration on a sales slip should be tolerated; if the clerk makes a mistake he should be required to cancel and preserve all copies of the erroneous slip and to make out a new one correctly. ”

“ If the receipts turn out to be greater than called for by the reports, the surplus can be taken up by entering on a single line of Form 26 (described hereafter) , whenever the books are closed (or oftener, if desired) an item showing what departments are credited with these excess coupons, exactly as if it were another day’s transactions. Such entry should, however, be prefaced by the words, “excess coupons”. Shortages should be collected from the clerk at fault, thus making the reports correct. The Exchange Officer should occasionally make the coupon and the charge sales counts himself. ”

“ The color should then be shifted and when coupons of the old color cease appearing, we can arrive at an approximate check on our outstanding coupon account. We say “approximate” because it sometimes happens that a man puts away a whole or a partially used book in a garment and thus inadvertently retires it from circulation for a space of time that may stretch into months. Of course, this could be prevented by issuing a notice that all coupons must be presented before a certain time, and that after that time, no coupons of the old colors would be accepted. ”

“ It is probably better in Post Exchange work to furnish the purchaser with a copy of the charge sales slip at the time the purchase is made, as most of our customers wish to keep track of their accounts and also, as will be shown later, this method may be made to promote honesty in salesmen who might be tempted to be otherwise. ”

“ Such sales are practically cash, being paid, usually, within a very short time.
The practice of extending credit to civilians is not encouraged by the authorities and the Exchange Officer should secure permission beforehand in case it is desired to transact this kind of business. In some cases of isolated posts it is to the best interest of the government that civilians employed or living on the post be allowed credit at the Exchange, as it might otherwise be impossible for the Government to retain their services or for the civilians to subsist themselves. ”

“ It would be unbusinesslike, if the coupon or charge sales are heavy, to require the Exchange Officer, the Steward or any other high priced man to waste his time counting coupons or any other similar task. A less expensive employee should be detailed for this purpose. For such unskilled labor, a boy at $10.00 per month who can run errands, etc., would be a profitable investment in many cases, thus leaving the expensive employees free to do more important work. ”