the Government of Japan

“ The Administrative Organs of the State to be established for the organization of the government shall be ministries, commissions and agencies, and the establishment and abolition thereof shall be prescribed separately by an Act. A ministry shall be established as an organ that takes charge of administrative matters under the control and jurisdiction of the Cabinet, and a commission and an agency shall be established under a ministry as its external organs. The organs to be established as Administrative Organs of the State as set forth in paragraph 2 shall be those listed in appended table 1. ”

“ An act unavoidably performed to avert a present danger to the life, body, liberty or property of oneself or any other person is not punishable only when the harm produced by such act does not exceed the harm to be averted; provided, however, that an act causing excessive harm may lead to the punishment being reduced or may exculpate the offender in light of the circumstances. ”

“ Article 428 In cases the subject of a claim is indivisible by its nature or due to the manifestation of intention of the parties involved, if there are more than one obligees, each obligee may demand the performance for the benefit of all obligees, and the relevant obligor may tender its performance to each obligee for the benefit of all obligees. ”

“ A person who, by intimidating another through a threat to another's life, body, freedom, reputation or property or by use of assault, causes the other to perform an act which the other person has no obligation to perform, or hinders the other from exercising his or her rights, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than 3 years. ”

“ Article 20 A ministry may, when particularly necessary, establish positions, which are equivalent to those of directors-general, that have jurisdiction over affairs not under the jurisdiction of the secretariat and bureaus for the efficient performance of such affairs, and the establishment, the duties and the fixed number of such positions shall be specified by a Cabinet Order. ”

“ Article 698 If a Manager engages in the Management of Business in order to allow a principal to escape imminent danger to the principal's person, reputation or property, the Manager shall not be liable to compensate for damages resulting from the same unless he/she has acted in bad faith or with gross negligence. ”

“ Where, in a lawsuit pertaining to an infringement on a copyright, right of publication or neighboring right, it is found that damages have been incurred, but it is extremely difficult to prove the facts necessary to establish the amount of damages due to the nature of such facts, the court may determine an appropriate amount of damages on the basis of the entire import of oral proceedings and the results of the court's examination of the evidence. ”

“ Article 247 When a person who is in charge of the affairs of another, for the purpose of promoting their own interest or the interest of a third party, or inflicting damage on another, commits an act in breach of legal duty and causes financial loss to another, imprisonment for not more than 5 years or a fine of not more than 500,000 yen shall be imposed. ”

“ Article 462 If a person, who has become a guarantor without the entrustment of the principal obligor, has performed the obligation or has otherwise in exchange for his/her own property procured the release from liability of the principal obligor, the principal obligor must reimburse the guarantor to the extent that the principal obligor was enriched at the time of such performance of the obligation. ”

“ Article 47 When the crimes for consolidated punishment include two or more crimes punishable by imprisonment or imprisonment without work for a definite term, the maximum term of the punishment to be imposed for such crimes shall be half as much again as the maximum term prescribed for the crime of the greatest punishment, but may not exceed the total of the maximum terms of the punishments prescribed for each of the crimes. ”

“ Article 675 If a creditor of a partnership did not, when his/her claim arose, the proportions of the partners' shares of losses, the creditor may exercise his/her rights against each partner in equal proportions. ”

“ Article 238 When a person who has committed the crime of theft uses assault or intimidation in order to retain the stolen property, evade arrest or destroy evidence, the person shall be dealt with in the same manner as with robbery. ”

“ Article 71 In cases a juridical person carries on any business which is outside the scope of its purpose (s) , or violates any conditions on which it obtained the permission of the establishment or any supervisory order issued by the competent government agency, or otherwise commits any act which is to prejudice the public interest, if the purpose of supervision cannot be achieved by any other means, the competent government agency may rescind its permission. ”

“ Article 431 If any indivisible claim becomes a divisible claim, each obligee may request the performance only to the extent of such portion of the claim on which he/she has his/her own right, and if any indivisible obligation becomes a divisible obligation, each obligor shall bear his/her responsibility only to the extent of the portion of the obligation which he/she bears. ”