George Cowie

“ It may happen, from one of the companionship absenting himself, that his former share of letter remains undistributed at a time a second division is taking place; under these circumstances, he must not be included in this division. In the event of a scarcity of letter, if any man absent himself beyond a reasonable time, his undistributed matter should be divided equally among his companions, and when he returns, he may then have his share of the next division. ”

“ After having made the measure for the work, we set a line for the letter that is designed for it, and take notice how much copy will come into the line in the stick, whether less or more than a line of manuscript. And as it is seldom that neither one nor the other happens, we make a mark in the copy where the line in the stick ends, and number the words that it contains. ”

“ Every compositor who shall leave a foul stone, either of letter, furniture, &c. shall forfeit one penny for every such offence.
7. Should a compositor detain an imposing-stone longer than the nature of the business may require, he is to be fined twopence for every hour's unnecessary delay.
8. When any cases are taken out of the racks, the compositor is to return them into their proper place immediately after he has done with the same, under the forfeiture of one penny for each case.
9. No cases to be placed over others, or under the frames, under the penalty of one penny for each case. ”

“ The foregoing calculations are intended to serve where a line of print takes in less than a line of copy, and therefore where a line of print takes in more than a line of copy, the problem is reversed, and instead of saying, if two lines make three, we say, in this case, if three lines of copy make two lines in print, then six lines make four, nine make six, twelve make eight, and so on, counting three lines of copy to make two lines in print. ”

“ When forms are wrought off, and ordered to be kept standing, they are then considered under the care of the overseer. When they are desired to be cleared away, it is done in equal proportions by the companionship. ”

“ Imposing comprehends not only the knowledge of placing the pages that they may, after they are printed off, follow each other regularly, but also the manner of dressing the furniture, and making the proper margin.
Having composed as many pages as make a whole sheet, half sheet, or less part of a sheet, of whatever size, they are taken from under the frame, and carried to the imposing stone ”

“ During the time any forms may have remained under the care of the overseer, should there have been any alteration as to former substance, such alterations not having been made by the original compositors, they are not subject to clear away those parts of the form that were altered.
If the pressmen unlock a form on the press, and from carelessness in the locking up any part of it fall out, they are subject to the loss that may happen in consequence. ”

“ The number of the companionship, if possible, should always be determined at the commencement of the work, that they may all proceed upon an equal footing. It should be well ascertained that the letter appropriated for the work will be adequate to keep the persons on it fully employed. ”

“ The compositor who imposes a sheet must correct the chargeable proof of that sheet, which is also generally at the same time corrected for press, and take it to the ready place. He must also rectify any defect in the register, arising from the want of accuracy in the furniture.
Forms will sometimes remain a considerable length of time before they are put to press. When this happens, and particularly in the summer, the furniture is liable to shrink, and the pages will, in consequence, if care be not taken, fall out ”

“ To cast off manuscript with accuracy and precision, is an essential object, but a very unpleasant and troublesome task, requiring great attention and mature deliberation. Much difficulty and trouble are occasioned with copy irregularly written, containing interlineations, erasures, and variations in the size of the paper ”

“ The sign of multiplication, shewing that the quantities on each side the same are to be multiplied by one another, as a × b is to be read, a multiplied into b; 4 × 8, the product of 4 multiplied into 8. Wolfius and others make the sign of multiplication a dot between the two factors; thus, 7 . 4 signifies the product of 7 and 4. In algebra the sign is commonly omitted, and the two quantities put together; thus, b d expresses the product of b and d. When one or both of the factors are compounded of several letters, they are distinguished by a line drawn over them ”

“ If one of the companionship absent himself from business, and thereby delay the making up, and there is the smallest probability of standing still for letter, the person who has the last taking must go on with this man's copy, whether it be good or bad. ”

“ When a work is completely finished, the compositor or compositors concerned shall, before he or they begin another work, unless prevented by the employer or overseer, clear away the forms, taking from them the head lines, white lines, leads, and reglets; which, with the furniture of each sheet, and the matter properly tied up for papering, are to be given to the overseer, or any person he may appoint.
12. Sweepings of frames to be cleared away before ten o'clock every morning, under the forfeiture of twopence for each neglect. ”

“ The imposing-stones cannot have too much light; there ought to be room enough to go freely round them, and to lift off a large form without interruption from the adjacent frames. In winter the composing-room should be well lighted and comfortably warmed.
There should always be a press kept exclusively to pull proofs: it is generally placed in the composing-room. ”

“ Bottom Notes, consisting of ten lines (or two notes, though not amounting to ten lines) in a pamphlet of five sheets or under, and not exceeding two pages, to be paid 1s. per sheet extra. Quotations, Mottos, Contents to Chapters, &c., in smaller type than the body, to be considered as notes.— [Where the notes shall be in Nonpareil or Pearl, in twelves, the number of pages to be restricted to four; in eighteens to five pages.]
This article is intended only to fix what constitutes the charge of 1s. per sheet for Bottom Notes: all works requiring a higher charge than 1s. ”

“ Night work to commence and be paid for, from ten o'clock till twelve, 1s.; all after to be paid 3d. per hour extra till six.—Morning work, commencing at four o'clock, to be paid 1s. extra.—Sunday work, if not exceeding six hours, to be paid for 1s.; if for a longer time, 2d. an hour.
20. Jobs of one sheet or under (except Auctioneers' Catalogues and Particulars) to be cast up at 7d. per 1000; if done in smaller type than Brevier, to take the proportionate advance specified in Article 1. ”

“ They ought to be furnished with all such books as they may stand in need of for reference and verification of quotations; and ought on no account to be troubled with intruders.
The overseer's room ought to be handy to the whole of the establishment, and in the centre of the building. The hands should, if possible, have a separate entrance to the premises. ”

“ An Act was passed on the 10th of June, 1811, to amend and explain the above Act, by which it is enacted, "That nothing in the 27th Section of the said Act contained, shall extend to make any person or persons offending against the same, liable to more than twenty-five forfeitures or penalties for printing, or publishing, or dispersing, or assisting in publishing or dispersing, any number of copies of one and the same paper or book, contrary to the said Section of the said Act. ”

“ A system termed Finishing having been formerly introduced, it is necessary to state, that no mode of working can be considered fair (except as before stated) otherwise than by the galley or hour.
No Apprentices to be employed on Daily Papers. ”

“ The price and day of publication to be printed on all periodicals, penalty for omission £20; persons liable to the above penalty for selling, or exposing for sale, any of the said publications for a less price than sixpence. ”

“ III. cap. 79, (for the more effectual suppression of societies established for seditious and treasonable purposes,) contains several provisions and penalties respecting printers, letter founders, and printing press makers. ”

“ Pamphlets liable to the Stamp duties freed from all regulations respecting pamphlets.
Sect. 8. Persons not to print or publish newspapers, &c., or pamphlets of two sheets or under, of the above description, without entering into recognizance, or giving bond for securing fines upon conviction for libels. Penalty £20.
Sect. 9. If sureties pay any part of the money for which they are bound, or become bankrupts, new recognizance or bond with sureties must be given. ”

“ All publications which appear weekly, or at shorter periods, whether stamped or unstamped, which contain general news, such as parliamentary reports, reports of police or law courts, foreign or provincial intelligence, reports of daily occurrences, or notices of bankrupts, to be paid according to the existing Scale for Newspapers ”

“ Art. 1. All works in the English language, common matter, with space lines, including English and Brevier, to be cast up at 53⁄4d. per 1000; if in Minion, 6d.; in Nonpareil, 63⁄4d. Without space lines, including English and Brevier, 6d. per 1000; in Minion, 61⁄4d.; in Nonpareil, 7d.; in Pearl, with or without space lines, 8d.; heads and directions, or signature lines, included. A thick space to be considered as an en in the width, and an en to be reckoned an em in the length of the page ”

“ One pound makes 12 ounces One ounce contains 8 drachms One drachm is equal to 3 scruples One scruple consists of 20 grains One grain has the weight of a barley-corn P. stands for particula, a little part, and means so much as can be taken betwixt the ends of two fingers P. æq. ”

“ Two or more Justices to hear and determine offences committed against this Act, within the limitation of three months; magistrates have power to mitigate penalties to one-fourth; reasonable costs, &c. must always be paid. ”

“ That pie of any sort, on boards, windows, frames, &c. shall be cleared after five minutes' notice, under the penalty of sixpence.
19. That any person detected taking sorts from the frames or cases of another, without leave, be fined one shilling. ”

“ A Half-sheet of Seventy-twos, with Three Signatures.
A Half Sheet of Ninety-sixes, with Six signatures.
A Half Sheet of One Hundred and Twenty-eights.
↑ Imposing in quires may be carried to any extent, by observing the following rule:—suppose the work to consist of 32 pages, or 8 sheets, then any two pages whose united numbers make 33. are to be imposed together; as, 1, 32—19, 14—12, 21, &c.
There must be less furniture in the backs or the inner sheet than the outer, to allow for stitching. ”

“ Not exceeding twenty-one pica ems, upon long primer and upwards 5 51⁄2 7 If on bourgeois or brevier 51⁄2 6 7 All above twenty-one pica ems, upon long primer and upwards 51⁄2 7 8 If on bourgeois or brevier 6 7 8 Long primer, bourgeois, or brevier, on copy or crown 5 51⁄2 7 EIGHTEENS. If not less than small pica 5 51⁄2 7 If on long primer, bourgeois, or brevier 51⁄2 6 7 If less than brevier 6 7 8 TWENTY-FOURS AND THIRTY-TWOS. If not less than small pica 51⁄2 6 7 If on long primer, bourgeois, or brevier 6 7 8 If less than brevier 61⁄2 8 9 POCKET BOOKS. Octavo. ”

“ Publications, and parts of publications, when pulled in galleys or slips, to be made up at the expense of the employer.
2. That all publications containing two bodies (not being notes) be cast up to the respective founts, and charged the 2s. ”

“ Davy, 15, Queen-street, Seven Dials. Johnson, 60, King-st, Soho. Catnach, 2, Monmouth-court, Monmouth-street. Smith, 4, King-street, Broad-street, St. Giles's. Pitt, Great St. Andrew-street. Richards, 100, St. Martin's lane. Gadsden and Percival, ditto. Saville, 107, ditto. Nichols and Sons, Earl's-ct. Cranbourne-alley. Moyes, 28, Castle-street, Leicester-sq. Shoeberl, 4, Leicester-street. Glindon, 51, Rupert-street. Brettel, 25, ditto. M'Gowan, 16, Great Windmill-street. Crozier, 37, Silver-street. Odell, 69, King-st. Golden-sq. Sabberton, ditto. ”

“ Wheeler, 87, ditto. Thomas, 11, Red Lion street. Mason, 5, Trinity street. Eaton, 28, King street. Wadham, 6, Borough road. Baines, 44, Bridgehouse terrace, Newington Causeway. Philanthropic Society, London street. Redford & Robins, 96, ditto. Jacques, 4, High-st. Newington Butts. Kemshead, 6, Portsmouth-pl. Lower Kennington-lane. Lowe, 98, White Hart-street, Kennington. Vogel, St. George's-pl. Camberwell.
London Newspaper Offices,
Sunday Times, 75,—Guardian and Ledger, 162—John Bull, 41—Dispatch, 139—Old Bell's Weekly Messenger—Christian Advocate—Watchman—Fleet Street. ”

“ Hansard, (old house,) Tichborn-court. Warr, 3, Red Lion-passage, Red Lion-street. Walwyn, 17, Eagle-street. Jacques & Leach, 30, Kenton-street. Starie, 7, Museum-street. Hughes, Marchmont-street, Brunswick-square. Hansard, (new house,) Parker's-lane, Little Queen-st. Duncombe, 19, ditto. Cox, 75, Great Queen-st. Cox, 55, ditto. Cousins, 18, Duke-street. Robins, 12, Houghton-street, Clare-market, Glendinning, 25, Hatton-gar. Hodson, 15, Cross-st. ditto. Sweeting, 15, Bartlett's-buildings. Aldred and Thompson, Elim-place, Fetter-lane. Wilcockson, 13, Rolls-buildings, ditto. ”

“ Rider, 36, Little Britain. Davison, Duke-st, Smithfield, Evans, 91, Bartholomew-close Adlard, 22, ditto. Bagster, jun. 14, ditto. Davis, 2, Albion-building's, do. Compton and Co, 23, Middle-street, Cloth-fair. Evans, 42, Long-lane, Smith-field.
Paternoster Row, &c.
Hansard, 32, Paternoster-row. Sears, 44, ditto. Holdsworth, 12, ditto. Johnston, Lovel's-court, do. Manning and Smithson, Ivy-lane, do. Nichols, 2, Warwick-square. Pitman, 20, ditto. Thoms, 13, ditto. Clarke, 8, ditto. Kelly, ditto.
Cheapside to Aldgate
Clay, 8, Bread-street-hill. ”