Mariano Velázquez de la Cadena

“ Passive verbs are formed from active-transitive verbs by adding their participle past, or passive, to the auxiliary verb ser, (to be,) through all its changes, as in English; thus, from the active verb amar, (to love,) is formed the passive verb ser amado, (to be loved.) ”

“ The learner is earnestly desired to study it attentively, so as to become perfectly familiar with the conjugation of the verbs; a thorough knowledge of which will render his progress easy, sure, and speedy. [Pg 4]
Persons unaccustomed to commit tasks to memory, will do well to begin by learning daily a set number (say five) of nouns, adjectives, or verbs, and as many phrases as they can remember well; repeating always the English before the Spanish. ”

“ LL is not a double consonant in Spanish, consequently it must not be divided in spelling. It sounds like ll in English in million; but it must be pronounced more quickly and stronger. In some parts of the Mexican states it is sounded somewhat like the Spanish y consonant, with which they confound it in writing; and in manuscript we frequently see cabayo instead of caballo.
Lla, lle, lli, llo, llu. Lyah, lye-ay, lyee, lyoh, lyoo.
N. N has a strong nasal sound, like n in poniard. The gn in French gives its sound. ”

“ ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives ending in o are masculine, and change it into a to form the feminine; as, fine, fino, fina. Those ending in any other letter are common to both genders; as, prudent, prudente; useful, útil.
Except adjectives expressing the natives of a country, or things belonging to it; and also most of those terminating in an or on, which add an a for the feminine; as, Spaniard, or Spanish, español, española; idle, haragan, haragana; clamorous, griton, gritona.
Adjectives form their plural according to the rules set forth for the nouns; as, white, blanco, blancos, blanca, blancas ”

“ The participle must agree in gender and number with the nominative it refers to; consequently it changes the o into a when the subject is feminine, and adds s for the plural; thus,
SINGULAR. He is loved. El es amado. She is loved. Ella es amada. You are loved. V. es amado, (amada.)
PLURAL. They are loved. Ellos son amados. They are loved. Ellas son amadas. You are loved. VV. son amados, (amadas.)
Obs. 6. In the compound tenses the participle of the principal verb is the only one that admits the change; the participle of the auxiliary verb to be (been, sido) is unchangeable ”

“ When the object direct of an active verb is the noun of a rational being, or a proper noun, or thing personified, it must be preceded by the preposition á; as, The brother loves his sister, El hermano ama á su hermana. The brother loves his money, El hermano ama su dinero.
AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE NOUNS.
Augmentative nouns are those that increase the extent of their signification by adding on, ote, or azo, to the masculine nouns, and ona, ota, or aza, to the feminine, suppressing their last letter, should it be a, e, or o; as, a boy, un muchacho; a big boy, un muchachon ”

“ All passive participles that do not terminate in ado or ido are called irregular; such are the following, from the verbs—
To open, abrir, abierto. To print, imprimir, impreso. To cover, cubrir, cubierto. To die, morir, muerto. To say, decir, dicho. To solve, solver, suelto. To write, escribir, escrito. To see, ver, visto. To fry, freir, frito. To put, poner, puesto. To do, hacer, hecho. To turn, volver, vuelto. Their compounds have the same irregularity.
Obs. 8. The participles past of haber, ser, estar, and tener, do not admit any variation. ”

“ In the imperative mood they are always placed after the verb, which suppresses the s in the first person plural, and the d in the second person of the same number. When the second person singular or plural is used with the adverb no, the pronouns are placed before the verb. ”

“ It is direct when it is the immediate object of the action of the verb; as, The man gives alms, El hombre da limosna. It is indirect (called also complement) when it is the term, or end of the action expressed by the verb; as, The man gives alms to the poor, El hombre da limosna á los pobres. ”

“ Passive impersonal verbs, and those referring to inanimate objects or things, are translated by placing the verb which is in the participle past in English, in the same person and number in which the verb to be is in the English sentence, placing the pronoun se before it ”

“ To resolve, resolver. To suspect, sospechar. To feign, fingir. To observe, observar. To be conceited, estar pagado de si, To take care, tener cuidado. ser presumido. To know, saber. To be obstinate, estar obstinado, To imagine, imaginar. obstinarse. To wish, desear. To fly into a passion, arder en colera, To hope, esperar. encolerisarse. To be appeased, aplacarse. To mistake, errar. To embroil one’s self, embrollarse. To be certain, estar cierto. To be jealous, estar zeloso.
[Pg 68] ”

“ If they should arm, àren. 3. If they should offend, ièren. 3. If they should unite, ièren. 2. If they should arm, VV.— àren. 2. If they should offend, ièren. 2. If they should unite, VV.— ièren. Remark.—Could, would, or should express as well as might any of the above tenses, but the translation of the verb preceded by them in English, depends entirely on the meaning of the Spanish verb or conjunction that governs, or requires it in the subjunctive mood, as it is explained in Lesson LXXIX. p. 356 of Ollendorff’s Method, which the learner must study with attention. ”

“ Once, una vez. At once, de una vez. Sometimes, á véces.
PREPOSITIONS. The most frequent are—
At, to, for, A. Towards, hácia. Before, ántes, ante. Until, hasta. With, con. For, to, para. Against, contra. By, for, through por. Of, from, de. According, segun. From, desde. Without, sin. In, on, at, en. On, upon, sobre. Between, among, entre. Behind, tras, detras.
[Pg 35] The following prepositions require de after them, when they are followed by a noun or pronoun as,
That man comes after. Ese hombre viene despues. Sir, he will go after you. ”

“ Yes, when prudence dictates Sí, cuando la prudencia es la our actions; but when we regla de nuestras acciones; will appear what we are mas cuando queremos parecer not, others suffer for it. lo que no somos, otros sufren por ello. ”

“ Vamos luego. Let us go to supper, gentlemen, Vamos, señores, á cenar, para that we may go to bed in poder acostarnos temprano. good time. Give us water to wash our hands. Dénos agua para lavarnos. Let us sit down at table, gentlemen. Sentémonos á la mesa, señores. Give us some drink. Dénos de beber. To your health, gentlemen. A la salud de VV., señores. Is the wine good? ¿Es el vino bueno? It is not bad. No es malo. The chickens are not done enough. Los pollos no estan bastante asados. ”

“ To dress one’s head, _rizarse el pelo_, To undress one’s self, desnudarse. componerse la cabeza. To put on one’s shoes ponerse los zapatos, calzarse. To put on one’s hat, ponerse el sombrero. To pull off one’s shoes, quitarse los zapatos. To be covered, estar cubierto. To comb one’s head, peinarse. To button one’s self, abotonarse. To shave one’s self, afeitarse. To put on one’s stockings, ponerse las medias.
Ordinary Actions of Men.—Acciones ordinarias de los hombres.. To laugh, reir. To spit, escupir. To weep, llorar. To bleed at the nose, echar sangre por To sigh, suspirar. ”

“ To come in, entrar. To stand back, estar detras. To go out, irse, or salir. To be distant, estar léjos. To go up, subir. To come near, acercarse. To go down, bajar. To return, volver. To stand idle, estar ociso. To fall down, caerse abajo. To sit down, sentarse. To slide, resbalarse. To walk, pasear. To hurt one’s self, hacerse daño. To go a-walking, ir á pasear. To arrive, arribar, llegar. To be in haste, estar de priesa.
Manual Actions.—Acciones manuales. To work, trabajar. To squeeze, comprimir. To touch or feel, tocar. To hold, or to have, tener. to play on, To break, romper. ”

“ Don being a distinction of nobility, is omitted in the new republics; they address thus, Señor Anselmo Bravo. It will be better for foreigners to observe the style used by persons to whom the letters are addressed, and imitate it. ”

“ Never fear; the Spanish language No hay nada que temer; la is not hard. lengua España no es dificil. I know it; and that it has abundance Lo sé; y que tiene tambien abundancia of graces. de gracias. Application is the only way La aplicasion es el solo modo of learning it. de aprenderla. How long have you been learning? ¿Cuanto tiempo ha, que V. la está aprendiendo? Scarcely two months. A pénas dos meses. Does not your master tell you, ¿No dice su maestro de V. siempre you must always speak Spanish? ”

“ Is the way difficult through the wood? ¿Es el camino dificil en el bosque? You cannot lose your way. V. no puede extraviarse. As soon as you are out of the wood, Luego que V. esté fuera del remember to keep to the bosque, acuérdese de tomar left hand. á la izquierda. Is there any good inn on the road? ¿Hay alguna buena posada or venta (algun buen meson, M.) en el camino? There is one. There is none. Hay una. No hay ninguna. There is one tolerably good. Hay una pasadera. (Hay una tal cual.) ”

“ Calidades, defectos, é imperfeciones de un hombre.
A one-eyed man, un tuerto. A stammerer, un tartamudo. A blind man, un ciego. A bald man, un calvo. A cripple, un estropeado. A dwarf, un enano. A cripple, A thief, un ladron. (one who limps,) un cojo. A rascal, un bribon, belitre. Squinteyed, bizco, or bisojo. A pickpocket, un ratero. A hunchbacked man, un jorobado. A rogue, un pícaro. A left-handed man, un zurdo. A magician, un mágico. A one-handed man, un manco. A sorcerer, un hechicero. A deaf man, un sordo. A witch, una bruja. A dumb man, un mudo. A wicked fellow, un malvado. ”

“ You, in familiar polite style, is translated usted for both genders, and the verb agrees with it in the singular or the plural, according to the sense. Usted and its plural are always written in abbreviation, thus: V. or Vm. for the first, and VV. or Vms. for the latter.
Nom. You, usted, (V. or Vm.) Nom. You, ustedes, (VV. or Vms.) Obj. Dir. You, á usted, le, la, se. Obj. Dir. You, á VV. los, las, se. Obj. Ind. You, á V. le, se: Obj. Ind. You, á VV. les, se: á él, ella, sí. á ellos, ellas, sí. “ With you, con usted. “ With you, con ustedes. “ With yourself, consigo. “ “ consigo. Nom. ”

“ Uno, one; alguno, some; ninguno, none; primero, first; bueno, good; malo, bad; suppress the o when they are immediately followed by a substantive masculine in the singular, whether it be alone, or preceded by an adjective; as, no heart, ningun corazon; ningun humano corazon.
Ciento, hundred, loses the last syllable before a substantive masculine or feminine; the same does Santo before a noun masculine in the singular. Grande, great, generally loses it also when it refers to qualities; as, El Gran Capitan.
COMPARATIVE. More, (or the termination er,) mas——than, que. ”

“ Yes, if he can afford it; but Sí, si puede sostener semejantes if cards are his greatest gastos; mas si los naipes occupation, and he loses in son su mas grande ocupacion, an instant the labor of his y pierde en un instante el men and his own, I do not trabajo de sus mozos y su wonder at his being a bankrupt. ganancia, no hay que extrañar que sea insolvente. I cannot comprehend how a man of No puedo comprehender como un sense can run headlong to the hombre de juicio puede ser ruin of others and his own. tan inconsiderado que arruine á otros y á sí mismo. ”

“ Rice, vermicelli, ham, pickled Arroz, fideos, jamones, ostras oysters, portable soup, and en escaleche, sopa, y otros other eatables prepared for comestibles preparados para that purpose, sugar, honey, el efecto, azúcar, miel lemon syrup, prunes, fresh de abejas, jarabe de limon, lemons ”

“ To drink tea, tomar té. To taste, gustar. To sup, cenar. To rinse, limpiar. To fill one’s saciarse. To drink, beber. self, To eat, comer. To be hungry, tener hambre. To fast, ayunar. To be thirsty, tener sed. ”

“ IDIOMATICAL TRANSLATION OF SOME TENSES.
N.B.—The (i) stands for the present of the infinitive mood, and the (p) for the past participle.
I am to, (i,) He de, (i,) (139-153) [13] Thou art to, (i,) &c. Has de, (i,) &c. I was to, (i,) &c. Habia de, (i,) &c. I shall be obliged to, (i,) &c. Habré de, (i,) &c. I have just, (p,) &c. Acabo de, (i,) acabas de, (i,) &c. (211.) I had just, &c. Acababa de, (i,) acababas de, (i,) &c. I am going to, (i,) &c. {Voy á, (i,) vas á, (i,) va á, (i.) {Vamos á, (i,) vais á, (i,) van á, (i.) I was going to, (i,) &c. Iba á, (i,) ibas á, (i,) iba á, (i,) &c. ”

“ How much ought I to give for a ¿Cuanto se paga por estar en place in the large cabin, with la cámara grande con los the rest of the passengers? demas pasageros? How many passengers have you? ¿Cuantos pasageros tiene V.? [Pg 88] Are there any ladies among ¿Hay algunas señoras entre ellos? the number? How many persons does your ¿De cuantos hombres se compone whole crew consist of? la tripulacion de V.? What kind of diet shall we have? ¿Que nos darán de comer? Some smoked and salt meat, Carne ahumada y salada, pescado and fish, potatoes, beans, salado, patatas, frijoles, cheese, and sea-bread. ”

“ Of Ages.—De las edades. Childhood, la niñez. Infancy, infancia. Boyishness, puericia. Adolescence, adolescencia. Youth, la juventud. Manhood, la virilidad. Old age, la senectud. Old age, la vejez.
Qualities of the Body.—
Calidades del cuerpo. Health, la salud. Strength, la fuerza. Weakness, la debilidad. Beauty, la hermosura. Ugliness, la fealdad. Good presence, el garbo. Sprightliness, el brío. Fine stature, hermoso tallo.
[Pg 50]
Defects of the Human Body.— Defectos del cuerpo humano. ”

“ If he is overstocked, and does Si tiene tantos géneros, y no not pay for it, would it not los paga, ¿No seria mejor be better to send back what volver lo que no puede he cannot sell, than to make vender, que hacer gala de a show of what is not his own? lo que no es suyo? But you do not reflect, that V. no considera, que la gente people generally go where va generalmente adonde there is a greater choice. hay mas en que escoger. I grant it; however, there is Lo concedo; pero hay un a medium in every thing. medio en todas las cosas. ”

“ Todo eso es efecto del maréo; you must not be under any y no debe darle á V. ningun apprehension on that account. cuidado. I advise you to take, two or Aconsejo á V. que tome dos three times a day, a little ó tres veces al dia una spoonful of sulphuric-ether cucharadita de eter sulfúrico in a small tumbler of water, en un vasito de agua, y que se and to rub your temples and frote con él las sienes, y las nose with it. It is nariz. Se recomienda tambien á recommended also to drink los principios el beber agua sea-water for the first few del mar una ó dos veces al dia ”